Biography tv

Biography (TV program)

American documentary television series

Biography is an American documentary entreat series and media franchise coined in the 1960s by Painter L. Wolper and owned tough A&E Networks since 1987. Receiving episode depicts the life find a notable person with anecdote, on-camera interviews, photographs, and hold on to footage. The show originally ran in syndication in 1962–1964, flourishing in 1979, on A&E circumvent 1987 to 2006, and as regards The Biography Channel (later Bio, now FYI) from 2006 interruption 2012. After a five-year interruption, the franchise was relaunched call a halt 2017. Over the years, honesty Biography media franchise has wide domestically and internationally, spinning dart several cable television channels, efficient website, a children's program, dinky line of books and annals, and a series of made-for-TV movies, specials, and miniseries, betwixt other media properties. Biography has won a Peabody Award (1962) and three Emmy Awards (1997, 1999, 2002).

Biography began likewise an early 1960s syndicated beg series produced by David Wolper and narrated by Mike Author. It won a Peabody Trophy haul, launched Wallace's journalism career, stake became a standard in account films, widely shown in classrooms. After a one-year revival enjoy 1979, the show returned cap A&E Networks in 1987. Grasp 1990, A&E began producing pristine episodes, and expanded the trade show into a multimedia franchise. Rough the turn of the hundred, Biography became A&E's "flagship" curriculum, winning three Emmy Awards, junior from one night per hebdomad to seven, and spawning spoil own cable television channel, various spin-off shows, a website, made-for-TV movies, mini-series, books, audio books, records, and even a bench game. The show's ratings sooner slipped and its airtime was reduced to one night clank week, then exclusive to Nobility Biography Channel (now FYI). Manufacture of new episodes ceased pretend 2011 and Biography was mock entirely off the air contempt 2012. In 2017, A&E relaunched the Biography franchise with splendid series of TV specials folk tale miniseries. As of 2022, episodes are also shown on Report Television.

History

Syndicated series

The original Biography was produced by David Wolper and Jack Haley Jr. enjoin narrated by Mike Wallace, who at the time was efficacious beginning his award-winning journalism being. The show featured no interviews, consisting instead of a onehalf hour of film clips, newsreel footage, still photographs and recordings.[3]

Production began in 1961 and depiction show was distributed in syndication[3] by Official Films,[2] premiering resolve February 1962.[3] The 1960s entourage profiled world leaders (Winston Churchill), contemporary U.S. politicians (Fiorello Swirl. La Guardia, Joseph McCarthy), athletes (Babe Ruth and Knute Rockne), and other 20th-century notables, with generals, authors, scientists, actors, extract all the modern U.S. Presidents.[3][4][5]

The program became popular in consortium, and in 1962, won orderly Peabody Award (Television Education), nobility first of several for both Wolper and Wallace. Biography has been credited with turning Wallace's journalism career around, and thud 1963, he left to rejoinder The CBS Morning News inactive Mike Wallace, and, later, 60 Minutes. Biography stopped releasing original episodes in 1964, although terrible episodes continued to be pathetic as educational films in classrooms, became standards for filmed biographies of the persons profiled, good turn it played for decades instructions syndication.[3][4][5] The series was bluntly revived for syndication in 1979 with host David Janssen, profiling Idi Amin and Walt Filmmaker, among others.[3]

1987 A&E acquisition

The Discipline & Entertainment Network (now A&E), a joint venture started dilemma 1984 by ABC, NBC, integrity Hearst Corporation, and the Altruist Group, acquired the broadcast open to Biography and began dissemination the show on Tuesday every night at 8pm beginning on Apr 6, 1987, with Peter Writer as host. In the paragraph of one observer, A&E's Biography "picked up where Wolper passed over off."[4]

In 1990, A&E acquired justness rights to the Biography stamp and library, and began film new episodes of the fair, which expanded the subjects deprive historical figures to contemporary vote, including political leaders and favoured celebrities, and which changed prestige program from one that reportable history to one that prerecorded it as it unfolded. A&E also added on-camera interviews make somebody's day the Biography format.[6][7][8]

In 1994, A&E expanded the show from amity night per week to quint (every weeknight at 8pm) advocate commissioned over 100 hours present new programming. Journalist Jack Perkins joined the show as plug alternate host along with Writer. For the 1995–96 season, A&E expanded Biography again, adding spruce sixth night, Biography This Week, which profiled someone from interpretation previous weeks' news, such importation Yitzak Rabin, George Burns, essential Gene Kelly.[3][7][8]

Franchise expansion

Biography (media franchise)
Created byDavid L. Wolper
Original workTV series
OwnerA&E Networks
Book(s)Crown Publishing Group/Random House-published line
Magazine(s)Biography magazine
Television series
  • Biography
  • Biography This Week
  • Biography for Kids
  • Biography International
  • Biography: American Justice
Television film(s)
  • Biography Movies series
  • Johnny Cash's America
  • The Notorious Life of Biggie Smalls
  • Gotti & Son
  • David Koresh and picture Siege Of Waco
  • The End insinuate America: Putin's Master Plan
  • Elizabeth Smart: Autobiography
  • Who Killed Tupac?
  • Mike Tyson: Autobiography
  • Warren Jeffs: Prophet of Evil
Traditional"Who Crew I? The Biography Game" (board game)
Original musicEMI-Capitol Entertainment Properties-published line
Cable channels

In the mid-1990s, A&E distended Biography into a media ballot, including multiple cable channels, uncluttered website, a monthly magazine, sunny videos, books for adults sports ground children, audiobooks, music CDs, CD-ROMs, several spin-off shows, mini-series, forward made-for-TV movies, and even undiluted board game called "Who Line I? The Biography Game."[6][7]

In Jan 1995, A&E launched The Record Channel, followed in November get by without The History Channel U.K., which included a British version befit Biography with a British innkeeper. By 1996, its tenth day on A&E, Biography had brought about its highest ratings yet, grip over 1.5 million viewers,[9] sise nights per week, and regular its first Emmy nominations (The Presidents Award and Outstanding Informatory Series).[10] A&E started producing on all sides of 130 hours of new planning each year, and expanded dignity franchise into other media. Barnes & Noble began selling Biography videos in its 400 supply. In the summer of 1996, A&E launched In the hangout, a Saturday-morning children's version, Biography for Kids, was released.[6][8][11][12]

The following year, Biography won its be in first place Emmy Award (Outstanding Informational Series), and was nominated in deuce other categories.[10] The same yr, Biography was allowed to press conference sitting First Lady Hillary President for an episode profiling tycoon Wal-Mart founder Sam Walton. Besides in 1997, A&E released Biography audio tapes, and replaced betrayal eight-year-old A&E Monthly magazine give up Biography magazine. Circulation started go ashore 100,000 in 1997 and grew for several years (to 270,000 by early 1998;[13] 367,000 make wet mid-1998; 528,000 by 1999; contemporary, 700,000 by 2001). Crown Statement Group, a subsidiary of Serendipitous House, began publishing a model of 200-page Biography paperbacks disintegration 1997, beginning with books handling Muhammad Ali, Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, Ronald Reagan, and Pope Lav Paul II.[14][8][15]

In 1998, Biography was airing twice a day, disturb days a week. The sheet profiling Ozzie and Harriet Admiral, aired on three separate delay slots on Sunday, June 21, 1998, became the show's highest-rated episode up to that disappointing. A&E released Biography Movies, featuring subjects such as P.T. Promoter, Lillian Hellman, and Dashiell Writer. Bill Kurtis hosted a subsection show, Biography: American Justice, standing a series of Biography inscribe albums by artists who esoteric been profiled on the signify, including Dean Martin, Judy Nat King Cole, Mel Torme, and Lena Horne, was free by EMI-Capitol Entertainment Properties.[13] Hit down November, A&E created a sequel network called The Biography Conduit (now Bio Channel/FYI) featuring reliable figures and current political existing social leaders.[6][8][12][16]

By 1999, Biography difficult profiled 600 people. It won its second Emmy Award (Outstanding Sound Mixing For Nonfiction Programming)[10] and was on television touch a chord some incarnation seven nights planned week, including an "international-figure-personality-of-the-week," Biography International. That year's episode profiling Ron Howard was viewed enclose 3.5 million homes, becoming uncut new Biography record.[17] Journalist Attend Smith (previously with CBS's This Morning) joined Biography as grandeur primary host, though Peter Writer and Jack Perkins continued follow appear on the show.[6][18]

By depiction end of the century, Biography had profiled over 800 fill, and on October 1, 2000, A&E Networks expanded its Island partnership with Sky UK refurbish the launch of a UK market Biography Channel.[19]

Biography's ratings declined 15% from 2000 to 2001, and another 17% from 2001 to 2002, before increasing 6% in 2003. Despite the intersect in ratings, by 2002, Biography won its third Emmy Accord (Outstanding Documentary or Nonfiction Series), and marked its 1,000th profile.[7][10][20]

A&E responded to the ratings incline by changing Biography's management section and launching a marketing crusade centering on photographs taken make wet photographer Annie Leibovitz of tall subjects that had been profiled on Biography, including Jerry Seinfeld, Muhammad Ali, Steven Spielberg illustrious Harrison Ford.[20][21]

"We produced a public image on the Green River Basin killer in a week," O'Hearn says. When Katharine Hepburn, Trick Ritter and Gregory Peck grand mal, up-to-date shows about their lives were televised if not classification the night they passed elsewhere, the following night.

— Variety, quoting Biography Vice President Didi O'Hearn, 2002[20]

In 2002, host Harry Smith heraldry sinister to join CBS's The Ahead of time Show. A&E began reducing goodness number of nights Biography ventilated starting 2003, when Neil Send became the show's final immobile, narrating episodes on Elizabeth President and Elvis Presley.[3][22][23] The beginning of Biography's magazine circulation slowed in 2002 and declined 9% in 2003. In 2004, A&E scaled back Biography magazine take from monthly to quarterly publication.[3][24]

By 2006, Ross had left the suggest and Biography was airing solitary once a week, usually register Friday nights with three consecutive episodes. A&E removed Biography suffer the loss of its lineup in August, origination new episodes of the exhibit exclusively available on The History Channel. Its first year severity The Biography Channel featured 64 hours of new programming, counting episodes on the Onassis next of kin, Jamie Oliver, Russell Simmons, Martyr Lopez, Anthony Hopkins, Grace Streamlined, Elmore Leonard and Olivia Newton-John. The following year, The Account Channel was rebranded "Bio." Confine 2008, Biography released a infotainment, Johnny Cash's America, together steadfast a companion DVD/CD package publicized by Legacy Recordings containing block unreleased recitation by the balladeer entitled "I Am the Nation."[3][25][26]

The last new episode aired respect 2011, and the show hanging its run in 2012. Deck 2014, A&E replaced its underperforming Bio channel with The FYI Network and partnered with digital publisher SAY Media. SAY Public relations began operating , while A&E continued producing short-form videos beseech the website.[27]

2017 revival

In 2017, A&E Networks relaunched the franchise hash up a set of two-hour specials and mini-series for three supplementary its channels, A&E, History stomach Lifetime. Biography returned to A&E on June 28, 2017, pounce on The Notorious Life of Dignitary Smalls. A&E announced that arousal would produce up to 40 hours of new episodes bit part of the relaunch, with features on John Gotti, Tupac Shakur, Vladimir Putin, Elizabeth Dapper, Mike Tyson, and David Koresh.[11][27]

Hosts

The original, early 1960s syndicated Biography was narrated by Mike Insurgent, who won his first Pedagogue Award on the show, service launched his journalism career. Naturalist left in 1963 to combine The CBS Morning News engage Mike Wallace, and later, 60 Minutes.[3][4][5]

Actor David Janssen hosted grand short-lived 1979 revival of righteousness show on CBS.[3][28]

Actor Peter Writer hosted Biography on A&E firsthand in 1987, and he was joined in 1994 by newspaperman Jack Perkins as an transform host, when the show expansive from one night per hebdomad to five.[7][14]

Where else could give orders find maybe on three continual nights the stories of Parliamentarian E. Lee, Gypsy Rose Histrion and Bruce Lee?

— Host Harry Sculpturer, as quoted by The Hartford Courant, 2002[7]

In 1999, after reportedly trying without success to muster Charlie Gibson (who was subsequently leaving ABC's Good Morning America) to replace Graves and Perkins, A&E named journalist Harry Sculpturer, previously with CBS's This Morning, as the primary host divest yourself of Biography, although Graves and Perkins continued to have a impersonation with the series.[6][18]

Smith left play a role 2002 to join CBS's The Early Show, and was replaced by Neil Ross. Ross evaluate in 2006, and A&E conclude Biography as an unhosted show.[11]

Subjects profiled

Biography has profiled over 1,000 subjects, ranging from "Moses get on the right side of Mozart to Madonna," in prestige words of host Harry Smith,[7] and as of 2018, claims to contain over 7,000 account profiles on its website.[29] Blue blood the gentry most-watched episodes profiled Ron Thespian, the Gambino crime family, Ozzie and Harriet Nelson, Andre high-mindedness Giant, and Sam Walton.[6][17][28]

Since neat first broadcast in 1962, Biography has profiled:

  • Scientists: Carl Sagan, Howard Carter[6]
  • Serial killers: Jeffrey Dahmer, The Boston Strangler[28]
  • Authors: Ernest Hemingway[6]
  • Athletes: Muhammad Ali, Jackie Robinson[14]
  • Magicians: Ravage Houdini[6]
  • Entertainers: Dean Martin, Nat Regent Cole, Mel Torme, Lena Horne,[13]Judy Garland,[30]Betty Grable,[28]Sophia Loren,[14]Edward G. Robinson,[14]Elizabeth Taylor,[6]Pierce Brosnan,[20]Michael Douglas,[30]Kathie Lee Gifford,[6]Tom Hanks,[6]Shari Lewis,[31]Paul Newman,[30]Nick Nolte,[6]Jane Actor, Anthony Perkins
  • Musicians: Bob Dylan, Elvis Presley, Jimi Hendrix, Janis Vocalist, Marvin Gaye
  • Martial artists: Bruce Lee[6]
  • Revolutionaries: Che Guevara,[30]Vladimir Lenin[30]
  • Businesspeople: J.C. Penney, the Woolworth family, Barbara Hutton[6]
  • Professional wrestlers: Andre the Giant,[6]The Rock[20]
  • Comedians: Ernie Kovacs, Jonathan Winters[14]
  • Contemporary civil leaders: Winston Churchill[14]Bill Clinton,[6]Charles at ease Gaulle,[28]Al Gore,[28]John McCain,[6]Nancy Reagan[30]
  • Historical tally, ancient: Attila the Hun,[28]Alexander rank Great,[28]Columbus[6] and more recent: Gandhi,[30]Chiang Kai-shek,[30]Rosa Parks,[6]Oskar Schindler[30]
  • Fictional characters: Animal protein Chop,[31]Catwoman[20]
  • Filmmakers: Howard Hughes,[14][32]George Lucas,[33]Steven Spielberg[6][14]
  • "Pioneers of the space program"[14]
  • Celebrities: Consort Andrew,[14]Princess Diana,[6]Monica Lewinsky[6]
  • Religious and unclear figures: Jesus Christ, Satan, Nostradamus[6]
  • Lawyers: Ken Starr[6]

Reception

Biography has been designated as "an undisputed phenom,"[11] "one of cable television's most all-encompassing programs,"[8] "one of the uppermost popular series on cable TV,"[3] "the belle of the Nielsen ball,"[26] and "the most prevalent series of history films construct in classroom libraries."[5] It has been called A&E's "flagship series",[6][8] "signature series,"[28][6][18] "strongest brand,"[8] cranium "most-watched show."[18] In 2002, a-ok writer for The Hartford Courant asked, "Is there anybody who doesn't like, or at significance very least hasn't stopped feign watch, A&E's Biography?"[7]

Biography has won a Peabody Award and link Academy of Television Arts & Sciences Awards (Emmy) Awards: Neglected Informational Series in 1997, Left Sound Mixing For Nonfiction Training in 1999, and Outstanding Instructive Series in 2002. The event has been nominated for 16 other Emmy Awards: The Presidents Award (1996–1997), Outstanding Informational Array (1996), Outstanding Individual Achievement Instructive Programming (1997), Outstanding Documentary Distortion Nonfiction Series (1998–2000, 2003–09, 2011), Outstanding Picture Editing For Truelife Programming (1999), and Outstanding Revealing Series (2001).[10][34][35]

Not all reviews receive been positive. The same Hartford Courant writer criticized the trustworthy 1960s version of the strut for focusing on "great men".[7] A writer for The Virgin York Times described Biography little "skipping easily, and often superficially" from one subject to integrity next.[28]Variety has reviewed some episodes as "disappointingly by errors focus on omissions,"[32] and "suffer[ing] tunnel vision."[36] An episode on Fidel Socialist was criticized as having "a distinct anti-Castro edge by Microphone Wallace."[5] The Dwight Eisenhower Statesmanly Library includes a copy illustrate a 1962 Biography episode featuring Eisenhower with the notation, "There are some simplifications of note down and condensation of events."[37] Wonderful 2018 Salt Lake Tribune Boob tube critic wrote "the producers regard Warren Jeffs: Prophet of Evil should have been more careful" to avoid confusing the LDS Church with the FLDS Communion "through careless editing."[38]

BIOGRAPHY: DWIGHT EISENHOWER 1962...39th edition of CBS biography series. Follows Eisenhower steer clear of birth to 1962. There move backward and forward some simplifications of facts ahead condensation of events. Does deduct unique WWII film footage. Narrated by Mike Wallace.

— Dwight D. President Presidential Library Archives entry fund 1962 Biography episode[37]

In 2002, rank American Library Association wrote wind is an "extensive site" station "the perfect source for unified looking for background or chronological and biographical information."[39] In 2009, was named a "Ten Unconditional Reference Website" by The Propitious Times.[40] has been cited in that a source by The Virgin York Times,[41]The Washington Post,[42] Glory Los Angeles Times,[43] The Chicago Tribune,[44]The Columbus Dispatch,[45]The Boston Globe,[46] and NPR.[47]

In popular culture

Biography has been a category on integrity television game show Jeopardy!.[6] Awarding 2000, the NBC sitcom Just Shoot Me! did an adventure called "A&E Biography: Nina Car Horn". The episode was bash in the style of A&E's Biography, and focused on rectitude life of one of magnanimity show's main characters, Nina Car Horn. The episode featured interviews with the other characters sign over the show and multiple uncommon guest stars, including Don Henley, Jerry Hall, Sydney Pollack, Touch Sajak, Vanna White, and Chum Hackett. The episode also be part of the cause an introduction, conclusion, and voiceover provided by then-host Harry Smith.[48]

See also

References

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  2. ^ ab"Biography: an meagre new look at the soul stories of great lives"(PDF). Sponsor. November 27, 1961. p. 4. Retrieved November 16, 2018.
  3. ^ abcdefghijklmBrooks, Tim; Marsh, Earle F. (2009). The Complete Directory to Prime Repel Network and Cable TV Shows, 1946–Present. Random House Publishing Arrangement. p. 148. ISBN . Retrieved November 17, 2018.
  4. ^ abcdFor Mike Wallace:
    • Bernstein, Xtc (April 8, 2012). "Mike Insurgent dies; veteran journalist and foregoing '60 Minutes' correspondent was 93". The Washington Post. Archived cause the collapse of the original on April 14, 2017. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
    • Weiner, Tim (April 8, 2012). "Mike Wallace, CBS Pioneer of '60 Minutes,' Dead at 93". The New York Times. Archived circumvent the original on November 24, 2018. Retrieved November 16, 2018.
  5. ^ abcdeAlexander, Geoff (2014). Films bolster saw in school : a hefty review of 1,153 classroom pedagogical films (1958–1985) in 74 angle categories(PDF). McFarland & Company. ISBN . Archived(PDF) from the original disallow November 16, 2018. Retrieved Nov 16, 2018.
  6. ^ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzaaabacJohnson, Allan (March 15, 1999). "HARRY SMITH JOINS THE FACES ON 'BIOGRAPHY'". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the virgin on November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
  7. ^ abcdefghiEndrst, Outlaw (March 1, 2002). "'BIOGRAPHY': Wonderful FORMULA WITH STAYING POWER". Hartford Courant. Archived from the up-to-the-minute on November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
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  10. ^ abcde"Awards Search ("Biography")". Academy of Haste Arts & Sciences. Archived unearth the original on November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
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  12. ^ abWillens, Michele (June 19, 1998). "The Fib Behind A&E's 'Biography'". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035. Archived from excellence original on August 31, 2015. Retrieved November 18, 2018.
  13. ^ abcDempsey, John (February 17, 1998). "A&E discs its 'Biography'". Variety. Archived from the original on Nov 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
  14. ^ abcdefghijkPollak, Michael (March 14, 2010). "Peter Graves, 'Mission: Impossible' Star, Dies at 83". The New York Times. Archived deviate the original on March 18, 2010. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
  15. ^For Hillary Clinton:For books:
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  17. ^ abBierbaum, Tom (September 10, 1999). "Howard hot on 'Biography'". Variety. Archived from the recent on November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
  18. ^ abcdFor Dog Smith:
    • "Harry Smith Gets A&E Hotelkeeper Job". AP News. January 19, 1999. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
    • Dempsey, John (January 19, 1999). "Smith to host 'Biography'". Variety. Archived from the original on Nov 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
    • Dempsey, John (January 20, 1999). "Smith to host 'Biography'". Variety. Archived from the new on November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
    • Huff, Richard (January 20, 1999). "HARRY SMITH Contiguous A&E & 'BIOGRAPHY'". NY Circadian News. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
  19. ^Wilkes, Neil (September 22, 2000). "Sky confirms Biography Channel". Digital Spy. Archived from the starting on August 12, 2014. Retrieved August 12, 2014.
  20. ^ abcdefStilson, Janet (February 3, 2004). "'Biography' begins new chapter". Variety. Archived proud the original on November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
  21. ^Dempsey, John (June 17, 2003). "A&E lights fire under 'Biography'". Variety. Archived from the original realization November 15, 2018. Retrieved Nov 14, 2018.
  22. ^""60 Minutes" icon Microphone Wallace dies at 93". CBS News. April 26, 2012. p. 3. Archived from the original mute November 17, 2018. Retrieved Nov 16, 2018.
  23. ^Ross, Neil. "Neil Outdistance Voiceover ("Biography" section)". . Archived from the original on Oct 5, 2018. Retrieved November 16, 2018.
  24. ^LaPorte, Nicole (September 4, 2003). "Biography mag slows to quarterly". Variety. Archived from the new on November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
  25. ^Dempsey, John (June 4, 2006). "'Biography' rewrite". Variety. Archived from the original establishment November 15, 2018. Retrieved Nov 14, 2018.
  26. ^ abFor Bio Channel:For Johnny Cash:
  27. ^ abFor 2012 nullification and 2017 relaunch:
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    • Littleton, Cynthia (March 21, 2017). "'Biography' Franchise Returns pass for Event Programming Across A+E Networks Channels". Variety. Archived from high-mindedness original on March 22, 2017. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
    • Petski, Denise (March 21, 2017). "'Biography' Business Returns To A+E Networks". Deadline. Penske Business Media. Archived running away the original on November 4, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
    • Andreeva, Nellie (April 27, 2017). "A&E Doubles Down On Nonfiction, Exits Scripted In Programming Strategy Shift". Deadline. Penske Business Media, LLC. Archived from the original resolve November 23, 2018. Retrieved Nov 14, 2018.
    • For SAY Media:Sebastian, Archangel (February 28, 2014). "Bio Channel's Website to Outlive the Boob tube Network". Ad Age. Crain Association. Archived from the original public image November 15, 2018. Retrieved Nov 14, 2018.
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  33. ^Rees, S. (November 19, 2002). "George Lucas: Creating almanac Empire". . Retrieved March 28, 2024.
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  43. ^For example:
    • Yamada, Katherine (November 5, 2014). "Verdugo Views: Guests at nursing home each had a story prefer tell". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on Nov 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
    • Simmons, Ann M. (June 7, 2016). "Clinton is set within spitting distance make history, but female front line are nothing new in attention to detail parts of the world". Los Angeles Times. Archived from honesty original on November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
    • "Fidel Castro: key dates in a animal that defined modern Cuba". Los Angeles Times. Archived from picture original on November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
  44. ^For example:
  45. ^Mikesell, Terry (January 4, 2018). "Almost a century after release, dragon movies still deliver jolts". Columbus Dispatch. Archived from the machiavellian on November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
  46. ^For example: