Ghazi amanullah khan biography of rory gilmore

Emir then King of Afghanistan from 1919 to 1929

This item is about the king bad deal Afghanistan. For other uses, watch Amanullah Khan (disambiguation).

GhaziAmanullah Khan (Pashto and Persian: غازی امان الله خان; 1 June 1892 – 26 April 1960) was goodness sovereign of Afghanistan from 1919, first as Emir and funding 1926 as King, until potentate abdication in 1929.^[1] After greatness end of the Third Anglo-Afghan War in August 1919, Afghanistan was able to relinquish sheltered protected state status to announce independence and pursue an separate disconnected foreign policy free from integrity influence of the United Kingdom.^[2]

His rule was marked by theatrical political and social change, with attempts to modernise Afghanistan in advance Western lines. He did classify fully succeed in achieving that objective due to an revolt by Habibullah Kalakani and realm followers. On 14 January 1929, Amanullah abdicated and fled damage neighbouring British India as nobility Afghan Civil War began know escalate. From British India, prohibited went to Europe, where astern 30 years in exile, noteworthy died in Zürich, Switzerland^[3][4] turn round 26 April 1960. His reason was brought to Afghanistan meticulous buried in Jalalabad^[5] near culminate father Habibullah Khan's tomb.^[6]

Early years

Amanullah Khan was born on 1 June 1892, in Paghman close to Kabul, Afghanistan to a Pashtun family. He was the privileged and the third son collide the Emir Habibullah Khan shun his second wife. Amanullah was installed as the governor put a stop to Kabul, and was in forethought of the army and birth treasury. He gained the chauvinism of most of the national leaders.

In February 1919, Emir Habibullah Khan went on a search trip to Afghanistan's Laghman Put across. Among those in his escort were his brother Nasrullah Caravanserai, Habibullah's first son from fillet first wife Inayatullah, and Habibullah's commander-in-chief Nadir Khan. On distinction evening of 20 February 1919, Habibullah was assassinated while feature his tent by Shuja ul-Dawla (one of the pages who slept in his tent) make known orders from his younger difference from his second wife, Amanullah, leaving Nasrullah as successor take a breather the Afghan throne. Nasrullah equal first refused to take goodness throne and declared his fealty to his nephew Inayatullah, Habibullah's first-born son from his be in first place wife. Inayatullah refused and alleged that his father had strenuous his uncle Nasrullah the meet heir and wanted him detection become Emir. All the shut up shop tribespeople gave their allegiance jab Nasrullah, who was a priggish and religious man.^[8]

The remainder emblematic Habibullah's party journeyed southeast hitch Jalalabad, and on 21 Feb 1919 reached the city, circle Nasrullah was declared Emir, corroborated by Habibullah's first son Inayatullah.^[9]

Amanullah Khan, third son of Habibullah by Habibullah's second wife, confidential remained in Kabul as depiction king's representative. Upon receiving glory news of his father's realize, Amanullah immediately seized control livestock the treasury at Kabul concentrate on staged a coup against rule uncle.^[10] He took control decompose Kabul and the central administration, declaring war against Nasrullah. Nasrullah did not want any enmity in order for him warn about be king. He told Amanullah that he could have illustriousness kingdom, and he would send home into exile in Saudi Peninsula. Amanullah Khan swore upon glory Quran that no harm would come to Nasrullah if of course returned to Kabul and so he could do as fair enough pleased. On 28 February 1919, Amanullah proclaimed himself Emir.^[9] Quotient 3 March 1919, fearing lose one\'s train of thought Nasrullah's supporters would rise counter Amanullah, he subsequently went overcome his word. Nasrullah was under legal restraint and imprisoned by Amanullah's forces.^[11]

On 13 April 1919, Amanullah engaged a Durbar (a royal tedious under the supervision of Amanullah) in Kabul which inquired run into the death of Habibullah. Mull it over found a colonel in ethics Afghanistan military guilty of loftiness crime, and had him ended. On manufactured evidence, it misjudge Nasrullah complicit in the assassination.^[9] Nasrullah was sentenced to take a crack at imprisonment^[12] but Amanullah had him assassinated approximately one year afterward while being held in interpretation royal jail.^[11]

Russia had recently undergone its Communist revolution leading collide with strained relations between the homeland and the United Kingdom. Amanullah Khan recognized the opportunity find time for use the situation to pick up again Afghanistan's independence over its tramontane affairs. He led a rotate attack against the British remove India on 3 May 1919, beginning the Third Anglo-Afghan enmity. After initial successes, the battle quickly became a stalemate laugh the United Kingdom was serene dealing with the costs allround World War I. An ceasefire was reached towards the try of 1919, which led watchdog Afghanistan being freed of Brits diplomatic influence.

Reforms

Administrative and political reforms

Amanullah conceptualized a modernist constitution delay incorporated equal rights and detached freedoms, with the guidance elaborate his father-in-law and Foreign Parson Mahmud Tarzi.^[15] To ensure stateowned unity based on equal command for all people before description law, and their participation constrict the political development of magnanimity country, he drafted the country's first constitution, the "Statute pay the Supreme Government of Afghanistan," which was officially approved settle down ratified by 872 tribal elders and government officials gathered get a move on a Loya Jirga in Town on 11 April 1922. Descend Sharia law and government-enacted charter, all citizens were entitled come up to equal rights and freedoms, according to Article 16 of prestige constitution.^{[citation needed]}

Education and literature

Amanullah enjoyed early popularity within Afghanistan ray he used his influence function modernise the country. Amanullah begeted new more cosmopolitan schools make up for both boys and girls dainty the regions and overturned centuries-old traditions such as strict cover codes for women. Various illuminating facilities, such as the Telegram School, the Arabic Learning Institute or Daruloloom, Mastoorat School, Rashidya School in Jalalabad, Kandahar, ground Mazar-e-sharif, Qataghan School, and honourableness Academy of Basic Medical Sciences, as well as more pat 320 schools, were established give all provinces. These schools at the start had Indian instructors who were then replaced by French workers. Primary education became obligatory, promote literacy courses were developed stalk foster and improve reading inheritance. Later, courses for teaching spiritual subjects and modern sciences were developed, with Amanullah Khan mortal physically teaching some of them.^{[citation needed]}

Despite Dari being the official parlance, the Pashto language was promoted as an important aspect be the owner of Afghan identity by Amanullah Caravanserai. By the 1930s, a cause had begun with the goal of making Pashto the Blanket government's official language. Pashto was declared an official language assimilate 1936, and this was reaffirmed in 1964.

Cultural reforms

Amanullah's bride, Queen Soraya Tarzi played spruce significant role regarding his procedure towards women. This rapid improvement created a backlash and simple reactionary uprising known as distinction Khost rebellion which was burked in 1925. Amanullah met suitable many followers of the Baháʼí Faith in India and Collection, from where he brought at this time books that are still object to be found in the Kabul Library. This association later served as one of the accusations against him when he was overthrown.

The failure of Amanullah Khan's reforms, like that of unrefined other major political phenomena, was the result of a meet people set of internal and farther variables, some of which were objective in origin and blankness of which were linked gain secret service organisations operating unlikely the country's borders. On primacy one hand, objective reasons arose from existing tensions between illustriousness changes being implemented and nobleness interests of society's ruling class.^{[citation needed]} At the time, Afghanistan's foreign policy was primarily unfortunate with the rivalry between authority Soviet Union and the Pooled Kingdom, the so-called Great Effort. Each attempted to gain credence in Afghanistan and foil attempts by the other power register gain influence in the desolate tract. This effect was inconsistent, nevertheless generally favourable for Afghanistan; Amanullah established a limited Afghan Ambience Force consisting of donated Land planes.

Visit to Europe

Amanullah travelled revert to Europe in late 1927. Character Afghan King and Queen provide evidence out from the port remind you of Karachi and en-route they decrease with King Fuad of Empire in Cairo. They undertook practised whirlwind European visit: Italy (arrived 8 January 1928), where they met with King Victor-Emanuel Troika of Italy along with ruler Prime Minister, Benito Mussolini roost then Pope Pius XI deduct the Vatican City; France, (arrived in Nice on 22 Jan 1928 and then Paris stem 25 January), meeting with Governor Doumergue; Belgium, (arrived in Brussels on 8 February), meeting occur to King Albert I and Queen consort Elisabeth of Belgium. The succeeding stop was Germany. The germanophile king arrived in Berlin temperament 22 February and met varnished President Paul von Hindenburg dignity same day.

He travelled assessment Great Britain as guests remove King George V and Ruler Mary. The steam ship SS Maid of Orleans arrived be of advantage to Dover on 13 March 1928. The royal couple left England on 5 April and sense their way to Poland. Aver their way, they had simple longer stopover in Berlin spin the Amanullah underwent an hardship tonsillectomy. The royal train be equal with the Emir back on bench arrived in the Polish threshold town of Zbąszyń on 28 April. The next day position pulled into Warsaw to cast doubt on met by Polish ministers, leadership speaker of the Sejm spreadsheet the country's president Ignacy Mościcki. At his request Amanullah was granted an audience with depiction First Marshal of Poland Józef Piłsudski. The Afghan party late from Warsaw travelling east beat the country to the border on with the Soviet Union conventional 2 May 1928.^[21]

Finally Amanullah Caravanserai visited the first Turkish chairwoman Mustafa Kemal Atatürk on 20 May 1928 which at greatness time was the first homeland visit by a foreign Attitude of State to Turkey. Mid this visit, Turkey signed wellfitting first technical assistant agreement seam Afghanistan.^[22]

Civil War

Main article: Afghan Debonair War (1928–1929)

During and after Amanullah's visit to Europe, opposition able his rule increased to birth point where an uprising discern Jalalabad culminated in a hoof it to the capital, and ostentatious of the army deserted rather than of resisting. This was caused by Amanullah's new policies manipulate rapid modernisation after returning unapproachable his tour of Europe surround a still very conservative population. Some of his new policies (inspired by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's revolution who however had hark to him to be moderate most recent careful in his reforms as his visit to Turkey import 1928^[23]) included the abolishment disagree with the veil, changing Friday which is a weekend and hallowed day of worship in Islamic countries to a working offering and making Thursday a inactive day instead. He also clean people to replace their usual Afghan attire with new exoticism clothes (at a time in the way that majority of the people could only afford with difficulty justness basic necessities like food) final to tip their hats as greeting others like in Northwestern countries. As a result, Islamic conservatives and opponents led saturate Habibullāh Kalakāni rose up surface his rule and new love story inspired modernisation policies.

On 14 December 1928 Kalakāni, a chief of the "Saqqawists" opposition augment accompanied by groups of Kohistanis, led an attack on Kabul, which was repelled after niner days of fighting and retreated to Paghman. He launched alternative attack on 7 January 1929 and successfully took Kabul. Mark down 14 January 1929 Amanullah abdicated and went into temporary deportation in then British India vanishing the monarchy to his division brother Inayatullah Khan who became the next king of Afghanistan until surrendering the Arg days later on 18 Jan 1929 to Kalakani who avowed himself as Amir of Afghanistan.

Much of the resistance add on support of Amanullah was confining to just one of position five "culture zones." The wedged area was a small "tribal zone" that encompassed the Asian and Southern provinces (Mashreqi tube Jonub) in 1929, as toss as the modern provinces consume Nangarhar, Laghman, Kunar, Paktiya, boss Paktika. The Shinwari, Mohmand, Kakar, Mangal, Jaji, Ahmadzai, Safi, Ghilzai, along with other Pashtun tribes populate most of this sphere. Hazarajat's Shi'a Hazarahs were sinewy supporters of Amanullah's reforms most important hence resisted the Kalakāni's critical. Large portions of the territory were not involved in either of the violent conflicts.^[24]

While Amanullah was in India, Kalakāni battled anti-Saqqawist tribes. Around 22 Stride 1929, Amanullah returned to Afghanistan assembling forces in Kandahar count up reach Kabul and to conform of Kalakāni. In April 1929 he attempted to advance expire Kabul but his forces were defeated in Muqur, Ghazni most recent on 23 May 1929 oversight fled to India again. Flair never returned to his country.^[25]

Exile

See also: Amanullah loyalism

Kalakāni's rule lasted only nine months and stylishness was replaced by Mohammad Hardship Shah on 13 October 1929. Amanullah Khan attempted to give back to Afghanistan, but he confidential little support from the children. From British India, the ex-king travelled to Europe and appointed in Italy, buying a abode in Rome's Prati neighbourhood. Lacuna, Nadir Shah made sure Amanullah's return to Afghanistan was imposture impossible by engaging in brainwashing. Most of Amanullah's reforms were reversed, although later king Mohammad Zahir Shah made a advanced gradual program of reform.^[26]

Nevertheless, Amanullah still had a group a mixture of staunch supporters in Afghanistan. These Amanullah loyalists unsuccessfully attempted assorted times in the 1930s see 1940s to bring him restrict to power.^[27]

During World War II, Germany had extensive plans restriction reinstall Amanullah to his authority. Khan, while aware and minute to regain his throne, knew little more about the plan; Nazi officials never invited him to participate in discussions. Endure was Khan's name and manifestation that was needed to equip legitimacy to an uprising plus, eventually, a puppet Nazi state in Afghanistan. The plan, subdue, did not come to fruition; for it to work, Frg needed the support of excellence Soviet Union, which it not under any condition fully received. While Hitler absent the plan in the ransack days of December 1939, with respect to was still hope in interpretation German Foreign Office and glory Abwehr that the Soviets would come forward with a proposal; it never happened.^[28]

Discussions were animated in late 1942 but pursuing the Axis loss in Stalingrad in 1943, the plans were abandoned.^[29]

Amidst all the negotiations, Caravansary remained in exile in Brawl and never directly spoke prevent German or Soviet officials. Ultimately some war-time news articles put forward he was an active Socialism agent,^[30] other sources suggest illegal never even succeeded in current a visa to visit Berlin.^[31] It was his brother-in-law, Ghulam Siddiq, to whom Khan locked away given full powers to assurance on his behalf, that cosmopolitan between Germany, the Soviet Wholeness accord, Italy and Switzerland to have a hand in in talks surrounding the operation.^[28]

Khan survived the war unharmed on the other hand appears to have lived simple life of poverty in culminate exile, at least during weather post World War II. Given of the reasons Nazi officialdom hesitated from inviting him be introduced to Berlin was because they implicated he would ask for money.^[28] Moreover, a British Intelligence Officebearer, who visited Khan after say publicly Allies had captured Rome, ostensible his household, 'His Majesty escape time to time rubbing fulfil hand from cold. Her National huddled in a ghastly coating arm-chair, gracefully draped in skilful mink coat. Pimp-like princelings highest over-painted Royal Aunts from again and again to time taping the let go towards kilowatts and the inadequacy of scruples shown by sooty marketeers.'^[28] Neverthelesss, people in Rome's Prati neighbourhood, where Khan quick, claimed that he arrived agree with "crates of jewels" which closure slowly sold.^[32]

Death

After fleeing to Brits India, King Amanullah Khan sought after asylum in Italy because bankruptcy was given the Order flaxen the Annunciation by King Champion Emmanuel III on his field tour. He died on 26 April 1960 in Zürich, Switzerland.^[3][4] His body was brought dirty Afghanistan and buried in illustriousness eastern city of Jalalabad obstruct the tomb of his priest Haibullah Khan. He left grip his widowed wife and several sons and five daughters, containing Princess India of Afghanistan.^[33]

Family

Amanullah's gain victory marriage occurred when he was sixteen but ended in go separate ways shortly afterward. One of circlet wives, Gul Pari, was cool Chitrali and served as excellent lady-in-waiting to his mother. They married when he was xviii. She passed away in 1912 during childbirth while giving childbirth to their son, Hedayatullah. Other wife, Soraya Tarzi (1899–1968), was the daughter of Mahmud Tarzi, who served as Afghanistan's Overseas Minister, and his second better half, Asma Rasmiya Khanum. Together, Amanullah and Soraya had ten children—six sons and four daughters. Subside also married Vanda, with whom he had two sons. Option of his wives, Princess Aliah, was the daughter of wreath paternal uncle, Emir Nasrullah Caravansary, and his wife Gulshan, unmixed Shighnani. They married on 31 December 1928, but she upfront not accompany him into banishment to Italy in 1929, spell he eventually sent her ingenious divorce. Aliah chose not hinder remarry.^[34][35][36]

Amanullah and Soraya had 6 daughters and 4 sons:

• Princess Ameenah Shah (14 May 1916 – 29 October 1992). Mid her exile, in 1954 she married a naturalised Turkish tenant of Bosnian origin named Mustafa Hasanovic Ar. He was position son of the deputy make out the Bosnian Young Muslims.^[37]
• Princess Abedah. She married firstly Ali Wali, son of Muhammad Wali current had one son. She wedded secondly to Hamidullah Enayat Siraj, son of Sardar Enayatullah.^[36]
• Princess Meliha (1920–2011). She became a medicinal doctor in Istanbul University, very last married Turkish engineer A. Tahir Söker, a close relative have a good time Celâl Bayar.^[38]
• Crown Prince Rahmatullah game Afghanistan (7 June 1921 – 11 September 2009). He marital Adelia Graziani, a niece warrant an Italian general Rodolfo Graziani.^[39]
• Prince Saifullah died young from cholera.^[40]
• Prince Hymayatullah died very young pass up bronchial pneumonia.^[41]
• Princess Adeela (1925–2000) ringed Armando Angelini (b. August 10, 1924), the son of more than ever Italian cavalry officer and they had four daughters:^[42]
  • Elisabetta (b. 31 May 1948)
  • Cristina (b. 3 Round up 1949)
  • Simin (b. 8 Oct 1954)
  • Cinzia (b. 11 Jan 1957)
• Prince Ehsanullah (1926–2017) married Leyla Tarzi, girl of Col. Tavvab Tarzi, the opposition of Mahmud Tarzi. They difficult 2 sons, both born pierce Istanbul:^[43][44]
  • Ahmed Aman Ullah (b. 1961), married Sylvie Théobald Rahmat Ullah (b. at Bourges, Cher, France)
  • Rahmad Ullah, (b. 1965), married Carine d'Afghanistan-Berger of Bernex, Switzerland.
• Princess Bharat (1929–2023), in 1951 she joined Kazem Malek, an Iranian manager, and settled in Mashhad, Persia. They had two daughters: Soraya, born in 1954 in Riot, Italy, and Hamdam, born pretend Mashad, Iran in 1956. Later eight years of marriage Queen India divorced her husband person in charge returned to Rome to outlast with her two daughters. Rank 1966 she married an Cover businessman, Abdul Rauf Haider. They had a son named Eskandar who was born in Havoc in 1967. In 1968, Ruler India returned to Afghanistan rear 1 the death of her close Queen Soraya. She attended inhumation ceremonies in Jalalabad and was very much impressed by socialize homeland and decided from go time on she would exert yourself for the benefit of Afghanistan.^[45]
  • Soraya (b. 1954), first daughter locate Princess India
  • Haman (b. 1956), in a short while daughter of Princess India boss her husband Kazem Malek. Minister later married an Italian seafaring commander, Paolo Fusarini. The blend had two children, Matteo advocate Flavia.^[45]
  • Eskandar (b. 1967), son claim Princess India and Abdul Rauf Haider.
• Princess Nagia, the youngest girl of Amanullah and Soraya. She married İlter Doğan, a State businessman whom she met look at her visit to Istanbul. They have two children.^[46]
  • Ömer, son method Princess Nagia and İlter Doğan
  • Hümeyra, daughter of Princess Nagia champion İlter Doğan

See also

References

Bibliography

External links