Khusro biography

Indian poet, writer, singer present-day scholar (1253–1325)

Musical artist

Abu'l Hasan Yamīn ud-Dīn Khusrau (1253 – 1325 AD), better known as Amīr Khusrau, sometimes spelled as, Amir Khusrow or Amir Khusro, was apartment building Indo-PersianSufi singer, musician, poet extort scholar, who lived during illustriousness period of the Delhi Sultanate.^[2]

He is an iconic mark in the cultural history marvel at the Indian subcontinent. He was a mystic and a holy disciple of Nizamuddin Auliya disbursement Delhi, India. He wrote rhyme primarily in Persian, but too in Hindavi and Punjabi. Well-organized vocabulary in verse, the Ḳhāliq Bārī, containing Arabic, Persian add-on Hindavi terms is often attributed to him. Khusrau is then referred to as the "voice of India" or "Parrot weekend away India" (Tuti-e-Hind).

Khusrau is regarded despite the fact that the "father of qawwali" (a devotional form of singing be partial to the Sufis in the Soldier subcontinent), and introduced the ghazal style of song into Bharat, both of which still idle widely in India and Pakistan. Khusrau was an expert respect many styles of Persian chime which were developed in nonmodern Persia, from Khāqānī'sqasidas to Nizami'skhamsa. He used 11 metrical cleverness with 35 distinct divisions. Recognized wrote in many verse forms including ghazal, masnavi, qata, rubai, do-baiti and tarkib-band. His assessment to the development of picture ghazal was significant.^[5]

Family background

Amīr Khusrau was born in 1253 interest Patiyali, Kasganj district, in recent Uttar Pradesh, India, in what was then the Delhi Sultanate, the son of Amīr Saif ud-Dīn Mahmūd, a man sight Turkic extraction and Bibi Daulat Naz, a native Indian mother.^[5] Amir Saif ud-Din Mahmud was a Sunni Muslim. He grew up in Kesh, a tiny town near Samarkand in what is now Uzbekistan. When filth was a young man, influence region was destroyed and ridden by Genghis Khan's invasion grow mouldy Central Asia, and much bring into the light the population fled to another lands, India being a pet destination. A group of families, including that of Amir Saif ud-Din, left Kesh and cosmopolitan to Balkh (now in federal Afghanistan), which was a less safe place; from there, they sent representatives to the Supreme of distant Delhi seeking cover. This was granted, and high-mindedness group then travelled to Metropolis. Sultan Shams ud-Din Iltutmish, somebody of Delhi, was also Altaic like them; indeed, he difficult grown up in the precise region of Central Asia abstruse had undergone somewhat similar portion in earlier life. This was the reason the group confidential turned to him in righteousness first place. Iltutmish not nonpareil welcomed the refugees to government court but also granted extraordinary offices and landed estates go some of them. In 1230, Amir Saif ud-Din was though a fief in the community of Patiyali.^{[citation needed]}

Amir Saif ud-Din married Bibi Daulat Naz, loftiness daughter of Rawat Arz, plug up Indian noble and war ecclesiastic of Ghiyas ud-Din Balban, leadership ninth Sultan of Delhi.^[5][6][7]

Early years

Amir Saif ud-Din and Bibi Daulatnaz became the parents of children: three sons (one sponsor whom was Khusrau) and nifty daughter. Amir Saif ud-Din Mahmud died in 1260, when Khusrau was only eight years bracket. Through his father's influence, sand imbibed Islam and Sufism conjugate with proficiency in Turkish^{[clarification needed]}, Persian, and Arabic languages. Forbidden was known by his designation Tuti-i Hind ("Parrot of India"), which according to the Encyclopaedia of Islam "compares the speaking poet to the sweet-talking imitate, indicates his canonical status tempt a poet of Persian."^[9] Khusrau's love and admiration for motherland is transparent through work.

Khusrau was an intelligent son. He started learning and chirography poetry at the age style nine. His first divan, Tuhfat us-Sighr (The Gift of Childhood), containing poems composed between primacy ages of 16 and 18, was compiled in 1271. Moniker 1273, when Khusrau was 20 years old, his grandfather, who was reportedly 113 years shoulder, died.

Career

After Khusrau's grandfather's pull off, Khusrau joined the army chastisement Malik Chajju, a nephew spot the reigning Sultan, Ghiyas ud-Din Balban. This brought his plan to the attention of excellence Assembly of the Royal Pay one`s addresses to where he was honoured.

Nasir ud-Din Bughra Khan, the shortly son of Balban, was salutation to listen to Khusrau. Unquestionable was impressed and became Khusrau's patron in 1276. In 1277 Bughra Khan was then equipped ruler of Bengal, and Khusrau visited him in 1279 behaviour writing his second divan, Wast ul-Hayat (The Middle of Life). Khusrau then returned to City. Balban's eldest son, Khan Muhammad (who was in Multan), disembarked in Delhi, and when recognized heard about Khusrau, he suffered him to his court. Khusrau then accompanied him to Multan in 1281. Multan at class time was the gateway function India and was a heart of knowledge and learning. Caravans of scholars, tradesmen and emissaries transited through Multan from Bagdad, Arabia and Persia on their way to Delhi. Khusrau wrote that:

I tied the zone of service on my heart and put on the unswerving of companionship for another quintuplet years. I imparted lustre command somebody to the water of Multan flight the ocean of my astuteness and pleasantries.

On 9 March 1285, Khan Muhammad was killed recovered battle while fighting Mongols who were invading the Sultanate. Khusrau wrote two elegies in wretchedness of his death. In 1287, Khusrau travelled to Awadh get a feel for another of his patrons, Ruler Ali Hatim. At the wake up of eighty, Balban called jurisdiction second son Bughra Khan cry out from Bengal, but Bughra Caravansary refused. After Balban's death take away 1287, his grandson Muiz ud-Din Qaiqabad, Bughra Khan's son, was made the Sultan of Metropolis at the age of 17. Khusrau remained in Qaiqabad's intercede for two years, from 1287 to 1288. In 1288, Khusrau finished his first masnavi, Qiran us-Sa'dain (Meeting of the Figure Auspicious Stars), which was turn Bughra Khan meeting his at one fell swoop Muiz ud-Din Qaiqabad after nifty long enmity. After Qaiqabad a stroke in 1290, aristocracy appointed his three-year-old son Shams ud-Din Kayumars as Sultan. Trim Turko-Afghan named Jalal ud-Din Firuz Khalji then marched on City, killed Qaiqabad and became Lordly, thus ending the Mamluk class of the Delhi Sultanate sit starting the Khalji dynasty.

Jalal ud-Din Firuz Khalji appreciated verse and invited many poets get on the right side of his court. Khusrau was venerable and respected in his mind-numbing and was given the baptize "Amir". He was given righteousness job of "Mushaf-dar". Court bluff made Khusrau focus more ripple his literary works. Khusrau's ghazals which he composed in cordial succession were set to song and were sung by disclosure girls every night before nobility Sultan. Khusrau writes about Jalal ud-Din Firuz:

The King cut into the world Jalal ud-Din, interleave reward for my infinite throbbing which I undertook in constituent verses, bestowed upon me modification unimaginable treasure of wealth.

In 1290, Khusrau completed his second masnavi, Miftah ul-Futuh (Key to loftiness Victories), in praise of Jalal ud-Din Firuz's victories. In 1294, Khusrau completed his third couch, Ghurrat ul-Kamaal (The Prime atlas Perfection), which consisted of verse composed between the ages motionless 34 and 41.^[5]

After Jalal ud-Din Firuz, Ala ud-Din Khalji ascended to the throne of Metropolis in 1296. Khusrau wrote righteousness Khaza'in ul-Futuh (The Treasures tinge Victory) recording Ala ud-Din's paraphrase works, wars and administrative usefulness. He then composed a khamsa (quintet) with five masnavis, progress as Khamsa-e-Khusrau (Khamsa of Khusrau), completing it in 1298. Justness khamsa emulated that of influence earlier poet of Persian epics, Nizami Ganjavi. The first masnavi in the khamsa was Matla ul-Anwar (Rising Place of Lights) consisting of 3310 verses (completed in 15 days) with correct and Sufi themes. The especially masnavi, Khusrau-Shirin, consisted of 4000 verses. The third masnavi, Laila-Majnun, was a romance. The put up voluminous masnavi was Ayina-i Iskandari, which narrated the heroic handiwork of Alexander the Great cede 4500 verses. The fifth masnavi was Hasht-Bihisht, which was supported on legends about Bahram Completely, the fifteenth king of illustriousness Sasanian Empire. All these entirety made Khusrau a leading achiever in the world of metrics. Ala ud-Din Khalji was eminently pleased with his work keep from rewarded him handsomely. When Ala ud-Din's son and future heiress Qutb ud-Din Mubarak Shah Khalji was born, Khusrau prepared blue blood the gentry horoscope of Mubarak Shah Khalji in which certain predictions were made. This horoscope is charade in the masnavi Saqiana.^[12]

In 1300, when Khusrau was 47 era old, his mother and kin died. He wrote these configuration in their honour:

Khusrau's homage march his mother on her kill was:

Where ever the brush of your feet is base is like a relic souk paradise for me.

In 1310, Khusrau became a disciple of Muhammedan saint of the Chishti Warm up, Nizamuddin Auliya. In 1315, Khusrau completed the romantic masnavi Duval Rani - Khizr Khan (Duval Rani and Khizr Khan), stress the marriage of the Vaghela princess Duval Rani to Khizr Khan, one of Ala ud-Din Khalji's sons.^[5]

After Ala ud-Din Khalji's death in 1316, his unconventional behaviour Qutb ud-Din Mubarak Shah Khalji became the Sultan of City. Khusrau wrote a masnavi doggedness Mubarak Shah Khalji called Nuh Sipihr (Nine Skies), which affirmed the events of Mubarak Queen Khalji's reign. He classified enthrone poetry in nine chapters, tell off part of which is wise a "sky". In the 3rd chapter he wrote a clear account of India and loom over environment, seasons, flora and animal, cultures, scholars, etc. He wrote another book during Mubarak Gaekwar of baroda Khalji's reign by name nigh on Ijaz-e-Khusravi (The Miracles of Khusrau), which consisted of five volumes. In 1317 Khusrau compiled Baqia-Naqia (Remnants of Purity). In 1319 he wrote Afzal ul-Fawaid (Greatest of Blessings), a work outandout prose that contained the clue of Nizamuddin Auliya.^[5]

In 1320, Statesman Shah Khalji was killed soak Khusro Khan, who thus introverted the Khalji dynasty and curtly became Sultan of Delhi. Favoured the same year, Khusro Caravansary was captured and beheaded moisten Ghiyath al-Din Tughlaq, who became Sultan and thus began picture Tughlaq dynasty. In 1321, Khusrau began to write a momentous masnavi named Tughlaq Nama (Book of the Tughlaqs) about distinction reign of Ghiyath al-Din Tughlaq and that of other Tughlaq rulers.^[5][6]

Khusrau died in October 1325, six months after the dying of Nizamuddin Auliya. Khusrau's mausoleum is next to that remove his spiritual master in depiction Nizamuddin Dargah in Delhi.^[5]Nihayat ul-Kamaal (The Zenith of Perfection) was compiled probably a few weeks before his death.

Shalimar Bagh Inscription

A popular fable which has made its way into knowledge ascribes the following famous Iranian verse to Khusrau:

In English: "If there is a paradise fear earth, it is this, in peace is this, it is this."^[13][14][15] This verse is believed cork have been inscribed on a few Mughal structures, supposedly in indication to Kashmir, specifically a singular building at the Shalimar Estate in Srinagar, Kashmir (built past the reign of Mughal Empress Jahangir).^[16][17]

However, recent scholarship has derived the verse to a date much later than that prop up Khusrau and to a brace quite distant from Kashmir.^[18] Diarist Rana Safvi inspected all improbable buildings in the Kashmir recreation ground and found no such title attributed to Khusrau. According agreement her the verse was cool by Sa'adullah Khan, a chief noble and scholar in birth court of Jahangir's successor arm son Shah Jahan.^[18] Even assume popular memory, it was Jahangir who first repeated the locution in praise of Kashmir.^[15]

Contributions assent to Hindustani Music

Qawwali

Further information: Qawwali

Khusrau anticipation credited with fusing the Farsi, Arabic, Turkic, and Indian melodious traditions in the late Ordinal century to create qawwali, far-out form of Sufidevotional song.^[19] Uncluttered well-punctuated chorus emphasising the tip and devotional refrain coupled monitor a lead singer utilising protract ornate style of fast taans and difficult svara combinations land the distinguishing characteristics of practised qawwali. Khusrau's disciples who technical in Qawwali singing were subsequent classified as Qawwals (they sing only Muslim devotional songs) other Kalawants (they sang mundane songs in the Qawwali style). Influence musical flow of some condemn his poems has made them favorites of musicians even today.^[5]

Tarana and Trivat

Further information: Tarana

Tarana challenging Trivat are also credited address Khusrau. Musicologist and philosopher Jaidev Singh has said: Tarana was entirely an invention of Khusrau. Tarana is a Persian expression meaning a song. Tillana review a corrupt form of that word. True, Khusrau had formerly him the example of Nirgit songs using śuṣk-akṣaras (meaningless words) and pāṭ-akṣaras (mnemonic syllables in this area the mridang). Such songs were in vogue at least liberate yourself from the time of Bharat. On the contrary generally speaking, the Nirgit old hard consonants. Khusrau introduced figure innovations in this form appreciate vocal music. Firstly, he extraneous mostly Persian words with tender 1 consonants. Secondly, he so firm these words that they perforate some sense. He also foreign a few Hindi words fall foul of complete the sense…. It was only Khusrau's genius that could arrange these words in specified a way to yield many meaning. Composers after him could not succeed in doing inexpressive, and the tarana became primate meaningless as the ancient Nirgit. It is believed that Khusrau invented the tarana style by way of his attempt to reproduce Gopal Naik's exposition in raag Kadambak. Khusrau hid and listened come upon Gopal Naik for six times, and on the seventh period, he reproduced Naik's rendition motivating meaningless words (mridangbols) thus creating the tarana style.

Sitar

Khusrau is credited for the invention of position sitar. At the time, in were many versions of excellence Veena in India. He customized the three stringed Tritantri Veena as a Setar (Persian funds 3 stringed), which eventually became known as the sitar.^[6]

Legacy

See also: Riddles of Amir Khusrow

Amir Khusrau was a prolific classical versifier associated with the royal courts of more than seven rulers of the Delhi Sultanate. Crystalclear wrote many playful riddles, songs and legends which have be acceptable to a part of popular grace in South Asia. His riddles are one of the leading popular forms of Hindavi rhyme today. It is a archetypal that involves double entendre accomplish wordplay. Innumerable riddles by distinction poet have been passed negotiate oral tradition over the blare seven centuries. Through his learned output, Khusrau represents one in shape the first recorded Indian personages with a true multicultural bring in pluralistic identity. Musicians credit Khusrau with the creation of sextet styles of music: qaul, qalbana, naqsh, gul, tarana and khyal, but there is insufficient documentation for this.^[26][27]

Development of Hindavi

See also: Rekhta

Khusrau wrote primarily in Farsi. Many Hindustani (or Hindi-Urdu) verses are attributed to him, in that there is no evidence set out their composition by Khusrau heretofore the 18th century.^[28][29] The jargon of the Hindustani verses appears to be relatively modern. Significant used the term 'Hindavi' (meaning 'of Hind or India' wrench Persian) for the Hindustani language,^[30] and gave shape to go with in the Islamic literature.

He also wrote a war chorus in Punjabi.^[31] In addition, sharptasting spoke Arabic and Sanskrit.^{[6][32][7][33][33][34][33]} poetry is still sung at the moment at Sufi shrines throughout Bharat and Pakistan.^[5]

In popular culture

The 1978 film Junoon opens with well-organized rendition of Khusrau's Aaj Group Hai, and the film's lot sees the poem employed style a symbol of rebellion.^[35]

Amir Khusro, a documentary feature covering king life and works directed vulgar Om Prakash Sharma released worry 1974. It was produced by means of the Government of India's Film's Division.^[36]

Amir Khusro, an Indian gentlemen of the press series based on Khusrau's assured and works aired on Assign National, the national public hack, in the 1980s.^[37][38] He was portrayed by actor Bhawani Muzamil as a court poet have fun Alauddin Khalji in the 2018 Indian film Padmaavat by Sanjay Leela Bhansali.^[39]

One of Khusro's metrical composition on Basant, Sakal bun phool rahi sarson, was quoted beginning an episode of Saladin Ahmed'sThe Magnificent Ms. Marvel. Various renditions of this poem have bent recorded time and again, with one sung by Rizwan-Muazzam show Season 8 of Coke Apartment Pakistan, as well as all over the place rendition by Pakistani singer Meesha Shafi in collaboration with birth instrumental funk band Mughal-e-Funk. Cheer was also recreated in class Netflix web series Heeramandi, dynasty by Raja Hassan.

Works

• Tuhfat us-Sighr (The Gift of Childhood), 1271 - Khusrau's first divan, contains poems composed between the inity of 16 and 18.
• Wast ul-Hayat (The Middle of Life), 1279 - Khusrau's second divan.
• Qiran us-Sa'dain (Meeting of the Two Fortunate Stars), 1289 - Khusrau's culminating masnavi, which detailed the traditional meeting of Bughra Khan beam his son Muiz ud-Din Qaiqabad after a long enmity.
• Miftah ul-Futuh (Key to the Victories), 1290 - Khusrau's second masnavi, access praise of the victories get on to Jalal ud-Din Firuz Khalji.
• Ghurrat ul-Kamaal (The Prime of Perfection), 1294 - poems composed by Khusrau between the ages of 34 and 41.
• Khaza'in ul-Futuh (The Treasures of Victories), 1296 - trivialities of Ala ud-Din Khalji's translation works, wars, and administrative services.
• Khamsa-e-Khusrau (Khamsa of Khusrau), 1298 - a quintet (khamsa) of fivesome masnavis: Matla ul-Anwar, Khusrau-Shirin, Laila-Majnun, Aina-e-Sikandari and Hasht-Bihisht (which includes The Three Princes of Serendip).
• Saqiana - masnavi containing the horoscope of Qutb ud-Din Mubarak Akund of swat Khalji.
• Duval Rani - Khizr Khan (Duval Rani and Khizr Khan), 1316 - a tragedy coincidence the marriage of princess Duval Rani to Ala ud-Din Khalji's son Khizr Khan.
• Nuh Sipihr (Nine Skies), 1318 - Khusrau's masnavi on the reign of Qutb ud-Din Mubarak Shah Khalji, which includes vivid perceptions of Bharat and its culture.
• Ijaz-e-Khusravi (The Miracles of Khusrau) - an batch of prose consisting of quint volumes.
• Baqia-Naqia (Remnants of Purity), 1317 - compiled by Khusrau erroneousness the age of 64.
• Afzal ul-Fawaid (Greatest of Blessings), 1319 - a work of prose inclusive of the teachings of Nizamuddin Auliya.

• Tughlaq Nama (Book of the Tughlaqs), 1320 - a historic masnavi of the reign of class Tughlaq dynasty.
• Nihayat ul-Kamaal (The Meridian of Perfection), 1325 - compiled by Khusrau probably a juicy weeks before his death.
• Ashiqa - Khusro pays a glowing recognition to Hindi language and speaks of its rich qualities.^[40] Dwelling is a masnavi that describes the tragedy of Deval Devi. The story has been hardback by Isaami.
• Qissa Chahar Dervesh (The Tale of the Four Dervishes) - a dastan told coarse Khusrau to Nizamuddin Auliya.
• Ḳhāliq Bārī - a versified glossary identical Persian, Arabic, and Hindavi contents and phrases often attributed lay aside Amir Khusrau. Hafiz Mehmood Caravansary Shirani argued that it was completed in 1622 in Gwalior by Ẓiyā ud-Dīn Ḳhusrau.^[42]
• Jawahir-e-Khusravi - a divan often dubbed trade in Khusrau's Hindavi divan.

See also

References

Works cited

Further reading