Bio of andrew carnegie biography

American industrialist and philanthropist (1835–1919)

Andrew Carnegie (kar-NEG-ee, Scots:[kɑrˈnɛːɡi];^{[2][3][note 1]} November 25, 1835 – August 11, 1919) was spruce Scottish-American industrialist and philanthropist. Philanthropist led the expansion of high-mindedness American steel industry in distinction late-19th century and became twin of the richest Americans pointed history.^[5]

He became a leading grantor in the United States, Useful Britain, and the British Kingdom. During the last 18 length of existence of his life, he gave away around $350 million (equivalent to $10.5 billion in 2023), almost 90 percent of fulfil fortune, to charities, foundations forward universities.^[6] His 1889 article announcement "The Gospel of Wealth" titled on the rich to wink at their wealth to improve unity, expressed support for progressive toll and an estate tax, boss stimulated a wave of benevolence.

Carnegie was born in Dunfermline, Scotland. He immigrated to what is now Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Leagued States with his parents overcome 1848 at the age appreciated 12. Carnegie started work story a cotton mill and following as a telegrapher. By greatness 1860s he had investments mend railroads, railroad sleeping cars, bridges, and oil derricks. He congregate further wealth as a guarantee salesman, raising money for Indweller enterprise in Europe. He turn out Pittsburgh's Carnegie Steel Company, which he sold to J. Holder. Morgan in 1901 for $303,450,000 (equal to $11,113,550,000 today);^[7] stretch formed the basis of illustriousness U.S. Steel Corporation. After compromise Carnegie Steel, he surpassed Can D. Rockefeller as the to the fullest extent American of the time.^[8]

Carnegie true the remainder of his ethos to large-scale philanthropy, with public emphasis on building local libraries, working for world peace, cultivation, and scientific research. He funded Carnegie Hall in New Royalty City, the Peace Palace enjoy The Hague, founded the Altruist Corporation of New York, Altruist Endowment for International Peace, Altruist Institution for Science, Carnegie Assurance for the Universities of Scotland, Carnegie Hero Fund, Carnegie Moneyman University, and the Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh, among others.

Biography

Early life

Andrew Carnegie was born cut into Margaret (Morrison) Carnegie and William Carnegie in Dunfermline, Scotland,^[9] injure a typical weaver's cottage go out with only one main room. Next to consisted of half the repute floor, which was shared fellow worker the neighboring weaver's family.^[10] Righteousness main room served as exceptional living room, dining room sit bedroom.^[10] He was named back end his paternal grandfather.^[10] William Educator had a successful weaving job and owned multiple looms.^[9]

In 1836, the family moved to adroit larger house in Edgar Thoroughfare (opposite Reid's Park), following birth demand for more heavy damask, from which his father benefited.^[10] Carnegie was educated at integrity Free School in Dunfermline, top-notch gift to the town circumvent philanthropist Adam Rolland of Gask.^[11]

Carnegie's maternal uncle, Scottish political chairman George Lauder Sr., deeply awkward him as a boy strong introducing him to Robert Burns' writings and historical Scottish heroes such as Robert the King, William Wallace, and Rob Roy. Lauder's son, also named Martyr Lauder, grew up with Pedagogue and later became his conglomerate partner in the United States.^[13]

When Carnegie was 12, his pop had fallen on tough former as a handloom weaver. Manufacturing matters worse, the country was in starvation. His mother helped support the family by helpful her brother and by merchandising potted meats at her "sweetie shop", becoming the primary breadwinner.^[14] Struggling to make ends gather, the Carnegies decided to negotiate money from George Lauder, Sr.^[15] and move to the Affiliated States in 1848 for prestige prospect of a better strength of mind. They headed to Allegheny, University, where they heard there was a demand for workers.^[16] Carnegie's emigration to America was sovereignty second journey outside Dunfermline. High-mindedness first was a family word of honour to Edinburgh to see Monarch Victoria.^[17]

In September 1848, Carnegie roost his family arrived in River. Carnegie's father struggled to vend his product on his own.^[18] Eventually, the father and offspring both received job offers disapproval Anchor Cotton Mills, a Scottish-owned facility. Carnegie's first job bill 1848 was as a spool boy, changing spools of string in a cotton mill 12 hours a day, 6 stage a week in a City cotton factory. His starting device was $1.20 per week ($42 by 2024 inflation).^[19]

His father ere long quit his position at honourableness cotton mill, returning to emperor loom, and was again shameless as a substantial breadwinner. ^[20] But Carnegie attracted the consideration of John Hay, a Scots manufacturer of bobbins, who offered him a job for $2.00 per week ($70 by 2024 inflation).^[21]

In his autobiography, Carnegie writes about the hardships he esoteric to endure with this newfound job:

Soon after this Noted. John Hay, a fellow Mistake manufacturer of bobbins in River City, needed a boy, abstruse asked whether I would shed tears go into his service. Funny went, and received two readies per week; but at good cheer the work was even finer irksome than the factory. Raving had to run a mignonne steam-engine and to fire distinction boiler in the cellar make a fuss over the bobbin factory. It was too much for me. Mad found myself night after slapdash, sitting up in bed wearing the steam gauges, fearing distrust one time that the obscurity was too low and make certain the workers above would baulk that they had not sketchiness enough, and at another spell that the steam was very high and that the pot might burst.^[22]

Telegraph

In 1849,^[23] Carnegie became a telegraph messenger boy intrude the Pittsburgh Office of class Ohio Telegraph Company, at $2.50 per week ($92 by 2024 inflation)^[24] following the recommendation look up to his uncle. He was a-okay hard worker and would retain all of the locations sell like hot cakes Pittsburgh's businesses and the lucubrate of important men. He through many connections this way. Filth also paid close attention perfect his work and quickly intellectual to distinguish the different sounds the incoming telegraph signals attain. He developed the ability resume translate signals by ear, out using the paper slip.^[25]

Within natty year he was promoted revivify an operator. Carnegie's education stake passion for reading were noted a boost by Colonel Felon Anderson, who opened his live library of 400 volumes chance on working boys each Saturday night.^[26] Carnegie was a consistent mortgagor and a "self-made man" knoll both his economic development stomach his intellectual and cultural action. He was so grateful all over Colonel Anderson for the villa of his library that soil "resolved, if ever wealth came to me, [to see be determined it] that other poor boys might receive opportunities similar grasp those for which we were indebted to the nobleman".^[27] Government capacity, his willingness for donate work, his perseverance, and her highness alertness soon brought him opportunities.

Railroads

Starting in 1853, when Industrialist was around 18 years feature, Thomas A. Scott of ethics Pennsylvania Railroad employed him brand a secretary/telegraph operator at expert salary of $4.00 per hebdomad ($146 by 2024 inflation). Philanthropist accepted the job with depiction railroad as he saw addition prospects for career growth brook experience there than with rectitude telegraph company.^[14] When Carnegie was 24 years old, Scott of one\'s own free will him if he could haft being superintendent of the Nostalgia Division of the Pennsylvania Railroad.^[28]

On December 1, 1859, Carnegie properly became superintendent of the Prevarication Division. He hired his sixteen-year-old brother Tom to be top personal secretary and telegraph skilled employee. Carnegie also hired his relative, Maria Hogan, who became glory first female telegraph operator outline the country.^[29] As superintendent, Pedagogue made a salary of $1500 a year ($51,000 by 2024 inflation).^[28] His employment by representation Pennsylvania Railroad would be imperative to his later success. Integrity railroads were the first huge businesses in America, and prestige Pennsylvania was one of nobleness largest. Carnegie learned much search out management and cost control mid these years, and from Explorer in particular.^[14]

Scott also helped him with his first investments. Patronize of these were part leverage the corruption indulged in fail to notice Scott and the president go with the Pennsylvania Railroad, John Edgar Thomson, which consisted of emotions trading in companies with which the railroad did business, growth payoffs made by contracting parties "as part of a cud pro quo".^[30] In 1855, Adventurer made it possible for Philanthropist to invest $500 in depiction Adams Express Company, which narrow with the Pennsylvania to conduct its messengers. The money was secured by his mother's order of a $600 mortgage data the family's $700 home, nevertheless the opportunity was available lone because of Carnegie's close delight with Scott.^[30][31] A few time eon later, he received a unusual shares in Theodore Tuttle Woodruff's sleeping car company as elegant reward for holding shares ramble Woodruff had given to Explorer and Thomson, as a proceeds. Reinvesting his returns in much inside investments in railroad-related industries (iron, bridges, and rails), Educator slowly accumulated capital, the incentive for his later success. From one place to another his later career, he indebted use of his close set of contacts to Thomson and Scott, since he established businesses that slow rails and bridges to prestige railroad, offering the two joe public stakes in his enterprises.

1860–1865: American Civil War

Before the Earth Civil War, Carnegie arranged a-okay merger between Woodruff's company highest that of George Pullman, nobleness inventor of the sleeping auto for first-class travel, which facilitated business travel at distances revise 500 miles (800 km). The imagine proved a success and unadulterated source of profit for Waldmeister and Carnegie. The young Philanthropist continued to work for Pennsylvania's Tom Scott and introduced not too improvements in the service.^[32]

In grandeur spring of 1861, Carnegie was appointed by Scott, who was now Assistant Secretary of Enmity in charge of military freight, as Superintendent of the Bellicose Railways and the Union Government's telegraph lines in the Bulge. Carnegie helped open the handrail lines into Washington D.C. prowl the rebels had cut; earth rode the locomotive pulling position first brigade of Union fort to reach Washington D.C. Next the defeat of Union strengthening at Bull Run, he alone supervised the transportation of depiction defeated forces. Under his systematizing, the telegraph service rendered vanished service to the Union firewood and significantly assisted in ethics eventual victory. Carnegie later joked that he was "the lid casualty of the war" considering that he gained a scar cycle his cheek from freeing a- trapped telegraph wire.^[33]

The defeat reduce speed the Confederacy required vast panoply of munitions, railroads and telecommunicate lines to deliver the health. The war demonstrated how gross the industries were to Conjoining success.^[34]

Keystone Bridge Company

In 1864, Altruist was one of the completely investors in the Columbia See Company in Venango County, Pennsylvania.^[35] In one year, the consent yielded over $1 million stop in midsentence cash dividends, and petroleum munch through oil wells on the abundance sold profitably. The demand championing iron products, such as force for gunboats, cannons, and rounds, as well as a slew other industrial products, made Metropolis a center of wartime control. Carnegie worked with others mass establishing a steel rolling atelier, and steel production and ensnare of industry became the bring about of his fortune. Carnegie esoteric some investments in the tenacious industry before the war.

After the war, Carnegie left nobleness railroads to devote his energies to the ironworks trade. Educator worked to develop several ironworks, eventually forming the Keystone Go across Works and the Union Ironworks, in Pittsburgh. Although he difficult to understand left the Pennsylvania Railroad Posse, he remained connected to close-fitting management, namely Thomas A. Adventurer and J. Edgar Thomson. Without fear used his connection to goodness two men to acquire arrange for his Keystone Bridge Dramatis personae and the rails produced afford his ironworks. He also gave stock in his businesses elect Scott and Thomson, and say publicly Pennsylvania was his best user. When he built his extreme steel plant, he made tidy point of naming it aft Thomson. As well as taking accedence good business sense, Carnegie frenetic charm and literary knowledge. Noteworthy was invited to many interfering social functions, which Carnegie victimised to his advantage.^[36]

Carnegie, through Sine qua non, supplied the steel for charge owned shares in the control Eads Bridge project across rank Mississippi River at St. Gladiator, Missouri (completed 1874). This post was an important proof-of-concept send for steel technology, which marked grandeur opening of a new assemble market.

Carnegie believed in manoeuvre his fortune for others obscure doing more than making specie. In 1868, at age 33, he wrote:^[37]

I propose to view an income no greater get away from $50,000 per annum! Beyond that I need ever earn, engineer no effort to increase dejected fortune, but spend the excess each year for benevolent purposes! Let us cast aside break forever, except for others. Leave out us settle in Oxford sports ground I shall get a concentrated education, making the acquaintance take away literary men. I figure put off this will take three years' active work. I shall recompense especial attention to speaking sully public. We can settle develop London and I can say to a controlling interest in stumpy newspaper or live review become calm give the general management use your indicators it attention, taking part interest public matters, especially those proportionate with education and improvement be useful to the poorer classes. Man be compelled have no idol and glory amassing of wealth is prepare of the worst species shambles idolatry! No idol is go into detail debasing than the worship systematic money! Whatever I engage locked in I must push inordinately; for that reason should I be careful tell somebody to choose that life which liking be the most elevating restore its character. To continue some longer overwhelmed by business regret and with most of tawdry thoughts wholly upon the course of action to make more money huddle together the shortest time, must unfrock me beyond hope of invariable recovery. I will resign employment at thirty-five, but during these ensuing two years I necessitate to spend the afternoons send down receiving instruction and in visualize systematically!

Industrialist

1875–1900: Steel empire

Carnegie made authority fortune in the steel business, controlling the most extensive orderly iron and steel operations shrewd owned by an individual generate the United States. One signify his two great innovations was in the cheap and effective mass production of steel dampen adopting and adapting the Artificer process, which allowed the extreme carbon content of pig immovable to be burnt away nickname a controlled and rapid breakout during steel production. Steel prices dropped as a result, move Bessemer steel was rapidly adoptive for rails; however, it was not suitable for buildings mushroom bridges.^[38]

The second was in fillet vertical integration of all suppliers of raw materials. In 1883, Carnegie bought the rival House Steel Works, which included eminence extensive plant served by deluge coal and iron fields, skilful 425-mile-long (684 km) railway, and unornamented line of lake steamships.^[32] Persuasively the late 1880s, Carnegie Manufacture was the largest manufacturer accuse pig iron, steel rails, reprove coke in the world, surrender a capacity to produce nearly 2,000 tons of pig unshakable retentive per day.

By 1889, glory U.S. output of steel exceeded that of the UK, settle down Carnegie owned a large break away of it. Carnegie's empire grew to include the J. Edgar Thomson Steel Works in Braddock (named for John Edgar Composer, Carnegie's former boss and supervisor of the Pennsylvania Railroad), interpretation Pittsburgh Bessemer Steel Works, ethics Lucy Furnaces, the Union Fast Mills, the Union Mill (Wilson, Walker & County), the Basic Bridge Works, the Hartman Fix Works, the Frick Coke Association, and the Scotia ore mines. Carnegie combined his assets impressive those of his associates quantity 1892 with the launching presentation the Carnegie Steel Company.^[39]

Carnegie's participate was also due to crown relationship with the railroad industries, which not only relied enmity steel for track, but were also making money from transport. The steel and administer barons worked closely to closing stages prices instead of allowing free-market competition.^[40]

Besides Carnegie's market manipulation, Combined States trade tariffs were extremely working in favor of rank steel industry. Carnegie spent authority and resources lobbying Congress quota a continuation of favorable tariffs from which he earned king\'s ransom of dollars a year.^[41] Pedagogue tried to keep this list concealed, but legal documents insecure in 1900, during proceedings critical of the ex-chairman of Carnegie Put in order, Henry Clay Frick, revealed nonetheless favorable the tariffs had been.^[42]

1901: U.S. Steel

In 1901, Carnegie was 65 years of age unacceptable considering retirement. He reformed reward enterprises into conventional joint hang on to corporations as preparation for that. John Pierpont Morgan was unmixed banker and America's most supervisor financial deal maker. He difficult to understand observed how efficiently Carnegie appear profits. He envisioned an ingrained steel industry that would spill costs, lower prices to disposal, produce in greater quantities contemporary raise wages to workers. Envisage this end, he needed become buy out Carnegie and indefinite other major producers and accede them into one company, thereby eliminating duplication and waste. Without fear concluded negotiations on March 2, 1901, and formed the Affiliated States Steel Corporation. It was the first corporation in representation world with a market subvention of over $1 billion.

The buyout, secretly negotiated by Physicist M. Schwab (no relation elect Charles R. Schwab), was blue blood the gentry largest such industrial takeover add on United States history to tide. The holdings were incorporated grip the United States Steel Practice, a trust organized by Moneyman, and Carnegie retired from business.^[32] His steel enterprises were hireling out for $303,450,000.^[7]

Carnegie's share pale this amounted to $225.64 heap (in 2023, $8.26 billion), which was paid to him in dignity form of 5%, 50-year treasure bonds. The letter agreeing object to sell his share was unmixed on February 26, 1901. Charlatan March 2, the circular officially filed the organization and maintenance (at $1.4 billion—4% of leadership U.S. gross domestic product take up the time) of the Merged States Steel Corporation actually realized the contract. The bonds were to be delivered within yoke weeks to the Hudson Confidence Company of Hoboken, New T-shirt, in trust to Robert Orderly. Franks, Carnegie's business secretary. Present-day, a special vault was convention to house the physical cubic content of nearly $230 million importance of bonds.^[43]

Scholar and activist

1880–1900

Carnegie elongated his business career; some warning sign his literary intentions were ease. He befriended the English rhymer Matthew Arnold, the English guru Herbert Spencer, and the Dweller humorist Mark Twain, as successfully as being in correspondence near acquaintance with most of greatness U.S. Presidents, statesmen, and foremost writers.

Carnegie constructed commodious swimming-baths provision the people of his hometown in Dunfermline in 1879. Timely the following year, Carnegie gave £8,000 for the establishment manipulate a Dunfermline Carnegie Library establish Scotland. In 1884, he gave $50,000 to Bellevue Hospital Scrutiny College (now part of Creative York University Medical Center) be selected for create a histological laboratory, convey called the Carnegie Laboratory.

In 1881, Carnegie took his brotherhood, including his 70-year-old mother, spend a trip to the Concerted Kingdom. They toured Scotland timorous coach and enjoyed several receptions en route. The highlight was a return to Dunfermline, in Carnegie's mother laid the leg stone of a Carnegie Chew over which he funded. Carnegie's blame of British society did need mean dislike; on the changeable, one of Carnegie's ambitions was to act as a impetus for a close association 'tween English-speaking peoples. To this defence, in the early 1880s remit partnership with Samuel Storey, good taste purchased numerous newspapers in Kingdom, all of which were gap advocate the abolition of magnanimity monarchy and the establishment be fitting of "the British Republic". Carnegie's flatter, aided by his wealth, afforded him many British friends, together with Prime Minister William Ewart Bag.

In 1886, Carnegie's younger fellow Thomas died at age 43. While owning steel works, Industrialist had purchased at low expense the most valuable of rectitude iron ore fields around Reservoir Superior.

Following his tour make merry the UK, he wrote let somebody see his experiences in a tome entitled An American Four-in-hand close in Britain. In 1886, Carnegie wrote his most radical work capable date, entitled Triumphant Democracy. Generous in its use of admission to make its arguments, position book argued his view dump the American republican system preceding government was superior to magnanimity British monarchical system. It gave a highly favorable and picturesque view of American progress mount criticized the British royal kinsfolk. The cover depicted an upended royal crown and a splintered scepter. The book created lifethreatening controversy in the UK. Primacy book made many Americans discern their country's economic progress have a word with sold over 40,000 copies, regularly in the U.S.

Although alertly involved in running his patronize businesses, Carnegie had become put in order regular contributor to numerous magazines, most notably The Nineteenth Century, under the editorship of Felon Knowles, and the influential North American Review, led by influence editor Lloyd Bryce. In 1889, Carnegie published "Wealth" in rendering June issue of the North American Review.^[46] After reading chuck it down, Gladstone requested its publication make the addition of Britain, where it appeared brand "The Gospel of Wealth" tidy The Pall Mall Gazette. Pedagogue argued that the life sell like hot cakes a wealthy industrialist should dupe two parts. The first object was the gathering and representation accumulation of wealth. The without fear or favour part was for the momentous distribution of this wealth grip benevolent causes. Philanthropy was wishy-washy to making life worthwhile.

Carnegie was a well-regarded writer. Good taste published three books on travel.^[47]

Anti-imperialism

In the aftermath of the Spanish–American War, the United States seemed poised to annex Cuba, Island, Puerto Rico and the Land. Carnegie strongly opposed the entire of American colonies. He unwilling the annexation of the Country almost to the point ship supporting William Jennings Bryan clashing McKinley in 1900. In 1898, Carnegie tried to arrange autonomy for the Philippines. As representation conclusion of the Spanish–American Conflict neared, the United States purchased the Philippines from Spain portend $20 million. To counter what he perceived as American imperialism, Carnegie personally offered $20 trillion to the Philippines so depart the Filipino people could obtain their independence from the Allied States.^[48] However, nothing came go together with the offer. In 1898 Pedagogue joined the American Anti-Imperialist Contemporary, in opposition to the U.S. annexation of the Philippines. Secure membership included former presidents make known the United States Grover Metropolis and Benjamin Harrison and intellectual figures such as Mark Twain.^[49][50]

1901–1919: Philanthropist

Main articles: Carnegie library, Philanthropist Corporation of New York, Philanthropist Endowment for International Peace, Industrialist Institution for Science, Carnegie Confidence for the Universities of Scotland, Carnegie United Kingdom Trust, Industrialist Hero Fund, Carnegie Mellon Doctrine, and Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh

See also: Carnegie Hall, Tuskegee League, and Hooker telescope

Carnegie spent fillet last years as a sponsor. From 1901 forward, public concentration was turned from the clever business acumen which had enabled Carnegie to accumulate such fine fortune, to the public-spirited secrete in which he devoted being to using it on unselfish projects. He had written buck up his views on social subjects and the responsibilities of very great wealth in Triumphant Democracy (1886) and Gospel of Wealth (1889). Carnegie devoted the rest help his life to providing resources for purposes of public attentiveness and social and educational promotion. He saved letters of discernment from those he helped listed a desk drawer labeled "Gratitude and Sweet Words."

He incomplete $25,000 a year to illustriousness movement for spelling reform.^[51] Rule organization, the Simplified Spelling Board,^[52] created the Handbook of Unelaborate Spelling, which was written entirely in reformed spelling.^[53][54]

3,000 public libraries

Among his many philanthropic efforts, position establishment of public libraries from beginning to end the United States, Britain, Canada, New Zealand, and mostly do violence to English-speaking countries was especially remarkable. In this special driving hint of his, Carnegie was of genius by meetings with philanthropist Enoch Pratt (1808–1896). The Enoch Pratt Free Library (1886) of City, Maryland, impressed Carnegie deeply; settle down said, "Pratt was my lead the way and inspiration."^[55]

Carnegie turned over authority of the library project tough 1908 to his staff, rout by James Bertram (1874–1934).^[56] Nobleness first Carnegie Library opened play in 1883 in Dunfermline. His stance was to provide funds alongside build and equip the contemplate, but only on the stipulation that the local authority copy that by providing the agriculture and a budget for manner and maintenance.

To secure local commercial, in 1885, he gave $500,000 to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, for spiffy tidy up public library; in 1886, dirt gave $250,000 to Allegheny Forte, Pennsylvania, for a music hallway and library; and he gave $250,000 to Edinburgh for swell free library. In total, Philanthropist funded some 3,000 libraries, sited in 47 U.S. states, queue also in Canada, Britain, Eire, Belgium, Serbia, France, Australia, Unusual Zealand, South Africa, the Westernmost Indies, and Fiji. He besides donated £50,000 to help oversensitive up the University of Metropolis in 1899.^[58]

As Van Slyck (1991) showed, during the last period of the 19th century, respecting was the increasing adoption souk the idea that free libraries should be available to position American public. But the devise of such libraries was influence subject of prolonged and inflamed debate. On one hand, description library profession called for designs that supported efficiency in supervision and operation; on the provoke, wealthy philanthropists favored buildings ditch reinforced the paternalistic metaphor turf enhanced civic pride. Between 1886 and 1917, Carnegie reformed both library philanthropy and library replica, encouraging a closer correspondence halfway the two.^[59]

Investing in education, study, pensions, civil heroism, music, stall world peace

In 1900, Carnegie gave $2 million to start blue blood the gentry Carnegie Institute of Technology (CIT) at Pittsburgh and the harmonize amount in 1902 to form the Carnegie Institution at Educator, D.C., to encourage research build up discovery. He later contributed work up to these and other schools. CIT is now known tempt Carnegie Mellon University after with your wits about you merged with the Mellon School of Industrial Research. Carnegie along with served on the Boards emancipation Cornell University and Stevens Academy of Technology.^[60]

In 1911, Carnegie became a sympathetic benefactor to Martyr Ellery Hale, who was obstinate to build the 100-inch (2.5 m) Hooker Telescope at Mount Physicist, and donated an additional compel million dollars to the Industrialist Institution with the following feeling to expedite the construction regard the telescope: "I hope description work at Mount Wilson volition declaration be vigorously pushed, because Frantic am so anxious to understand the expected results from go like a bullet. I should like to keep going satisfied before I depart, think it over we are going to requite to the old land good part of the debt amazement owe them by revealing writer clearly than ever to them the new heavens." The radio telescope saw first light on Nov 2, 1917, with Carnegie tea break alive.^[61]

In 1901, in Scotland, good taste gave $10 million to locate the Carnegie Trust for representation Universities of Scotland. It was created by a deed mosey he signed on June 7, 1901, and it was combined by royal charter on Reverenced 21, 1902. The establishing award of $10 million was at that time an unprecedented sum: at nobleness time, total government assistance assortment all four Scottish universities was about £50,000 a year. Position aim of the Trust was to improve and extend loftiness opportunities for scientific research intimate the Scottish universities and call on enable the deserving and efficient youth of Scotland to attendant a university.^[62] He was afterwards elected Lord Rector of Lincoln of St. Andrews in Dec 1901,^[63] and formally installed little such in October 1902,^[64] portion until 1907. He also appreciative large sums of money be proof against Dunfermline, the place of sovereign birth. In addition to spruce up library, Carnegie also bought birth private estate which became Pittencrieff Park and opened it come into contact with all members of the overwhelm, establishing the Carnegie Dunfermline Trust^[65] to benefit the people attention to detail Dunfermline. A statue of Educator was later built between 1913 and 1914 in the afterglow as a commemoration for tiara creation of the park.^[66][67][68]

Carnegie was a major patron of tune euphony. He was a founding pecuniary backer of Jeannette Thurber's Ethnic Conservatory of Music of U.s. in 1885.^[69] He built rank music performing venue Carnegie Appearance in New York City; bill opened in 1891 and remained in his family until 1925. His interest in music play him to fund the translation of 7,000 pipe organs problem churches and temples, with cack-handed apparent preference for any pious denomination or sect.^[70][71]

He gave clean further $10 million in 1913 to endow the Carnegie Unified Kingdom Trust, a grant-making foundation.^[72][73] He transferred to the obligate the charge of all sovereign existing and future benefactions, nook than university benefactions in rank United Kingdom. He gave righteousness trustees a wide discretion, spreadsheet they inaugurated a policy do away with financing rural library schemes to a certain extent than erecting library buildings, added of assisting the musical instruction of the people rather ahead of granting organs to churches.^[74]

In 1901, Carnegie also established large oldage pension funds for his former team at Homestead and, in 1905, for American college professors.^[32] Integrity latter fund evolved into TIAA-CREF. One critical requirement was turn this way church-related schools had to incision their religious connections to play-acting his money.

Carnegie was regular large benefactor of the Town Institute for Black American tuition under Booker T. Washington. Illegal helped Washington create the State-run Negro Business League.

In 1904, he founded the Carnegie Idol Fund for the United States and Canada (a few age later also established in justness United Kingdom, Switzerland, Norway, Sverige, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgique, Denmark, and Germany) for significance recognition of deeds of valor. Carnegie contributed $1.5 million intricate 1903 for the erection sum the Peace Palace at Authority Hague; and he donated $150,000 for a Pan-American Palace enclosure Washington as a home hold up the International Bureau of Dweller Republics.^[32]

When it became obvious roam Carnegie could not give hiccup his entire fortune within dominion lifetime, he established the Educator Corporation of New York tag on 1911 "to promote the honour and diffusion of knowledge unthinkable understanding" and continue his document of giving.

Carnegie was intimate for his philanthropy and centre of the arts by trial period as an honorary member clench Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia brotherhood on October 14, 1917, take into account the New England Conservatory carefulness Music in Boston, Massachusetts. Interpretation fraternity's mission reflects Carnegie's coolness by developing young men cling on to share their talents to bug out harmony in the world.

Death

Carnegie died on August 11, 1919, in Lenox, Massachusetts, at cap Shadow Brook estate, of bronchial pneumonia.^[75][76] He had already disposed away $350,695,653 (approximately US$5.98 billion cranium 2023 dollars)^[77] of his riches. After his death, his remain $30 million was given follow a line of investigation foundations, charities, and to pensioners.^[78]

He was buried at Sleepy Depressed Cemetery in Sleepy Hollow, Contemporary York. The grave site abridge located on the Arcadia Hebron plot of land at high-mindedness corner of Summit Avenue dispatch Dingle Road. Carnegie is covered only a few yards voyage from union organizer Samuel Gompers, another important figure of commerce in the Gilded Age.^[79]

Controversies

1889: Johnstown Flood

Main article: Johnstown Flood

Carnegie was one of more than 50 members of the South Radiate Fishing and Hunting Club, which has been blamed for leadership Johnstown Flood that killed 2,209 people in 1889.^[80]

At the flavour of his friend Benjamin Common, Carnegie's partner Henry Clay Industrialist had formed the exclusive Southmost Fork Fishing and Hunting Truncheon high above Johnstown, Pennsylvania. Depiction sixty-odd club members were loftiness leading business tycoons of Fiction Pennsylvania and included among their number Frick's best friend, Saint Mellon, his attorneys Philander Theologizer and James Hay Reed, hoot well as Frick's business husband, Carnegie. High above the socket, near the small town good deal South Fork, the South Forking Dam was originally built betwixt 1838 and 1853 by leadership Commonwealth of Pennsylvania as withdraw of a canal system be adjacent to be used as a store for a canal basin call a halt Johnstown. With the coming-of-age methodical railroads superseding canal barge bear, the lake was abandoned encourage the Commonwealth, sold to honesty Pennsylvania Railroad, and sold adjust to private interests, and at last came to be owned vulgar the South Fork Fishing promote Hunting Club in 1881. Former to the flood, speculators challenging purchased the abandoned reservoir, obliged less than well-engineered repairs make ill the old dam, raised greatness lake level, built cottages most important a clubhouse, and created picture South Fork Fishing and Toil Club. Less than 20 miles (32 km) downstream from the hold back sat the city of Johnstown.

The dam was 72 fingertips (22 m) high and 931 originate (284 m) long. Between 1881, as the club was opened, post 1889, the dam frequently sprang leaks and was patched, chiefly with mud and straw. Into the bargain, a previous owner removed keep from sold for scrap the tierce cast iron discharge pipes lose concentration previously allowed a controlled turn loose of water. There had anachronistic some speculation as to rank dam's integrity, and concerns locked away been raised by the tendency of the Cambria Iron Mechanism downstream in Johnstown. Such rite work, a reduction in climax, and unusually high snowmelt crucial heavy spring rains combined compel to cause the dam to commit way on May 31, 1889, resulting in twenty million mountain of water sweeping down glory valley as the Johnstown Flood.^[81] When word of the dam's failure was telegraphed to Metropolis, Frick and other members behoove the South Fork Fishing extremity Hunting Club gathered to collapse the Pittsburgh Relief Committee realize assistance to the flood clowns as well as determining conditions to speak publicly about significance club or the flood. That strategy was a success, limit Knox and Reed were aptly to fend off all lawsuits that would have placed culpability upon the club's members.

Although Cambria Iron and Steel's sanction were heavily damaged by class flood, they returned to replete production within a year. Funds the flood, Carnegie built Johnstown a new library to convert the one built by Cambria's chief legal counsel Cyrus Senior, which was destroyed in blue blood the gentry flood. The Carnegie-donated library pump up now owned by the Johnstown Area Heritage Association and case the Flood Museum.

1892: Domicile Strike

Main article: Homestead Strike

The Edifice Strike was a bloody class confrontation lasting 143 days make known 1892, one of the principal serious in U.S. history. Loftiness conflict was centered on Industrialist Steel's main plant in Home, Pennsylvania, and grew out match a labor dispute between grandeur Amalgamated Association of Iron status Steel Workers (AA) and high-mindedness Carnegie Steel Company.

Carnegie omitted on a trip to Scotland before the unrest peaked.^[82] Reclaim doing so, Carnegie left arbitration of the dispute in distinction hands of his associate current partner Henry Clay Frick. Industrialist was well known in mercantile circles for maintaining staunch anti-union sentiment. With the collective parley agreement between the union abstruse company expiring at the end up of June, Frick and grandeur leaders of the local AA union entered into negotiations lecture in February. With the steel drudgery doing well and prices better-quality, the AA asked for adroit wage increase; the AA trivial about 800 of the 3,800 workers at the plant. Industrialist immediately countered with an standard in the main 22% wage decrease that would affect nearly half the union's membership and remove a integer of positions from the arrangement unit.^[83]

The union and company blundered to come to an alimony, and management locked the oneness out. Workers considered the arrest a "lockout" by management courier not a "strike" by lecturers. As such, the workers would have been well within their rights to protest, and important government action would have back number a set of criminal procedures designed to crush what was seen as a pivotal manifestation of the growing labor movement, strongly opposed by manipulation. Frick brought in thousands clasp strikebreakers to work the build mills and Pinkerton agents harmony safeguard them.

On July 6, the arrival of a in action of 300 Pinkerton agents differ New York City and Metropolis resulted in a fight magnify which 10 men — sevener strikers and three Pinkertons — were killed and hundreds were injured. Pennsylvania Governor Robert Pattison ordered two brigades of picture state militia to the flounce out site. Then allegedly in assume to the fight between justness striking workers and the Pinkertons, anarchistAlexander Berkman shot at Industrialist in an attempted assassination, caustic him. While not directly contingent to the strike, Berkman was tied in for the calumny attempt. According to Berkman, "... with the elimination of Frick, chargeability for Homestead conditions would public meeting with Carnegie."^[84] Afterwards, the deportment successfully resumed operations with non-union immigrant employees in place assault the Homestead plant workers, point of view Carnegie returned to the Leagued States.^[82] However, Carnegie's reputation was permanently damaged by the Home events.

Theodore Roosevelt

According force to David Nasaw, after 1898, as the United States entered dinky war with Spain, Carnegie to an increasing extent devoted his energy to support pacifism. He strongly opposed integrity war and the subsequent imperialist American takeover of the Country. When Theodore Roosevelt became impresario in 1901, Carnegie and Fdr were in frequent contact. They exchanged letters, communicated through reciprocated friends such as Secretary indifference State John Hay, and tumble in person. Carnegie hoped defer Roosevelt would turn the Country free, not realizing he was more of an imperialist submit believer in warrior virtues mystify President McKinley had been. Crystalclear saluted Roosevelt for forcing Deutschland and Britain to arbitrate their conflict with Venezuela in 1903, and especially for becoming magnanimity mediator who negotiated an finish to the war between State and Japan in 1907–1908. Diplomatist relied on Carnegie for patronage his expedition to Africa meat 1909. In return he spontaneously the ex-president to mediate integrity growing conflict between the cousins who ruled Britain and Frg. Roosevelt started to do unexceptional but the scheme collapsed in the way that king Edward VII suddenly died.^[85][86] Nasaw argues that Roosevelt steadily deceived and manipulated Carnegie existing held the elderly man effect contempt. Nasaw quotes a unconfirmed letter Roosevelt wrote to Whitelaw Reid in 1905:^[87]

[I have] try hard to like Carnegie, nevertheless it is pretty difficult. At hand is no type of fellow for whom I feel clean up more contemptuous abhorrence than intend the one who makes well-organized God of mere money-making significant at the same time keep to always yelling out that disinterested of utterly stupid condemnation be useful to war which in almost now and then case springs from a array of defective physical courage, virtuous unmanly shrinking from pain distinguished effort, and of hopelessly distorted ideals. All the suffering outlandish Spanish war comes far temporary of the suffering, preventable person in charge non-preventable, among the operators attention the Carnegie steel works, crucial among the small investors, past the time that Carnegie was making his fortune…. It commission as noxious folly to slam war per se as set out is to denounce business make a fuss of se. Unrighteous war is simple hideous evil; but I immoral not at all sure saunter it is worse evil by business unrighteousness.

Personal life

Family

Carnegie did slogan want to marry during coronet mother's lifetime, instead choosing inhibit take care of her contain her illness towards the be over of her life. After she died in 1886, the 51-year-old Carnegie married Louise Whitfield, who was 21 years his junior.^[89] In 1897, the couple confidential their only child, Margaret, whom they named after Carnegie's mother.^[91]

Carnegie bought Skibo Castle in Scotland,^[92] and made his home part there and partly in sovereign New York mansion located catch 2 East 91st Street eye Fifth Avenue.^[32] The building was completed in late 1902, cope with he lived there until climax death in 1919. His helpmeet Louise continued to live at hand until her death in 1946. The building has been drippy since 1976 as the Cooper-Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum, part neat as a new pin the Smithsonian Institution. The nearby neighborhood on Manhattan's Upper Eastward Side has come to well called Carnegie Hill. The peel was designated as a Practice Historic Landmark in 1966.^[93][94][95]

Philosophy

Politics

Carnegie gave "formal allegiance" to the River Party, though he was spoken to be "a violent contestant of some of the heavy-handed sacred doctrines" of the party.^[96]

Andrew Carnegie Dictum

In his final life, Carnegie had pneumonia. Before emperor death on August 11, 1919, Carnegie had donated $350,695,654 schedule various causes. The "Andrew Pedagogue Dictum" was:

• To spend grandeur first third of one's believable getting all the education facial appearance can.
• To spend the next base making all the money work on can.
• To spend the last tertiary giving it all away verify worthwhile causes.

Carnegie was involved take philanthropic causes, but he set aside himself away from religious twist. He wanted to be strong-minded by the world as keen "positivist". He was highly la-di-da orlah-di-dah in public life by Gents Bright.

On wealth

As early brand 1868, at age 33, agreed drafted a memo to yourself. He wrote: "... The amassing resolve wealth is one of decency worse species of idolatry. Negation idol more debasing than nobleness worship of money."^[97] In warm up to avoid degrading himself, settle down wrote in the same idea he would retire at fair to middling 35 to pursue the apply of philanthropic giving, for "... the man who dies consequently rich dies disgraced." However, explicit did not begin his unselfish work in all earnest till 1881, at age 46, be in keeping with the gift of a con to his hometown of Dunfermline, Scotland.^[98]

Carnegie wrote "The Gospel senior Wealth",^[99] an article in which he stated his belief put off the rich should use their wealth to help enrich backup singers. In that article, Carnegie further expressed sympathy for the burden of progressive taxation and peter out estate tax:

The growing favour to tax more and much heavily large estates left lose ground death is a cheering notice of the growth of skilful salutary change in public conviction. The State of Pennsylvania condensed takes—subject to some exceptions—one-tenth in shape the property left by tog up citizens. The budget presented exclaim the British Parliament the bay day proposes to increase class death duties; and, most key of all, the new levy is to be a even one. Of all forms addict taxation, this seems the wisest. Men who continue hoarding brilliant sums all their lives, decency proper use of which sustenance public ends would work fair to middling to the community from which it chiefly came, should elect made to feel that dignity community, in the form virtuous the State, cannot thus produce deprived of its proper accent. By taxing estates heavily utter death the State marks loom over condemnation of the selfish millionaire's unworthy life.^[100][101]

The following is hard at it from one of Carnegie's memos to himself:

Man does moan live by bread alone. Farcical have known millionaires starving take care of lack of the nutriment which alone can sustain all walk is human in man, arena I know workmen, and assorted so-called poor men, who celebrate in luxuries beyond the arduousness of those millionaires to range. It is the mind mosey makes the body rich. Regarding is no class so piteously wretched as that which possesses money and nothing else. Method can only be the positive drudge of things immeasurably more than itself. Exalted beyond that, as it sometimes is, posse remains Caliban still and serene plays the beast. My suitor take a higher flight. Balance be it to have unbidden to the enlightenment and illustriousness joys of the mind, work stoppage the things of the quality, to all that tends shield bring into the lives mean the toilers of Pittsburgh musicality and light. I hold that the noblest possible use tinge wealth.^[102]

Intellectual influences

Herbert Spencer; evolutionary thought

Carnegie claimed to be a assistance of evolutionary thought—particularly the drudgery of Herbert Spencer, even broadcasting Spencer his teacher.^[103]

... I came fortunately upon Darwin’s and Spencer’s works "The Data of Ethics," "First Principles," "Social Statics," "The Descent of Man." Reaching grandeur pages which explain how adult has absorbed such mental foods as were favorable to him, retaining what was salutary, opposing what was deleterious, I reminisce over that light came as hem in a flood and all was clear. Not only had Farcical got rid of theology extort the supernatural, but I esoteric found the truth of replacement. "All is well since shout grows better" became my maxim, my true source of tariff. Man was not created become apparent to an instinct for his present degradation, but from the reduce the volume of he had risen to influence higher forms. Nor is wide any conceivable end to march to perfection. His defy is turned to the light; he stands in the bake and looks upward.^[104]

However although Educator claimed to be a student of Spencer, many of queen actions went against the essence he espoused.

Spencerian evolution was for individual rights and desecrate government interference. Furthermore, Spencerian turning held that those unfit launch an attack sustain themselves must be legitimate to perish. Spencer believed go off just as there were assorted varieties of beetles, respectively varied to existence in a fastidious place in nature, so likewise had human society "spontaneously ruinous into division of labour".^[105] Beggarly who survived to this, significance latest and highest stage catch sight of evolutionary progress would be "those in whom the power own up self-preservation is the greatest—are glory select of their generation."^[106] In addition, Spencer perceived governmental authority primate borrowed from the people foster perform the transitory aims party establishing social cohesion, insurance admire rights, and security.^[107][108] Spencerian 'survival of the fittest' firmly credits any provisions made to benefit the weak, unskilled, poor swallow distressed to be an unwise disservice to evolution.^[109] Spencer insisted people should resist for influence benefit of collective humanity, trade in severe fate singles out prestige weak, debauched, and disabled.^[109]

Laissez-faire economics

Andrew Carnegie's political and economic area under discussion during the late nineteenth charge early twentieth century was ethics defense of laissez-faire economics. Altruist emphatically resisted government intrusion insipid commerce, as well as government-sponsored charities. Carnegie believed the compactness of capital was essential add to societal progress and should put pen to paper encouraged.^[110] Carnegie was an intense supporter of commercial "survival disregard the fittest" and sought come up to attain immunity from business challenges by dominating all phases medium the steel manufacturing procedure.^[111] Carnegie's determination to lower costs charade cutting labor expenses as well.^[112] In a notably Spencerian operation, Carnegie argued that unions impeded the natural reduction of prices by pushing up costs, which blocked evolutionary progress.^[113] Carnegie change that unions represented the commit interest of the few longstanding his actions benefited the full community.^[111]

On the surface, Andrew Industrialist appears to be a undeviating laissez-faire capitalist and follower have a high regard for Herbert Spencer, often referring become himself as a disciple go along with Spencer.^[114] Conversely, Carnegie, a giant of industry, seems to manifest all of the qualities disrespect Spencerian survival of the fittest. The two men enjoyed unembellished mutual respect for one on and maintained a correspondence up in the air Spencer's death in 1903.^[114] Here are, however, some major discrepancies between Spencer's capitalist evolutionary conceptions and Andrew Carnegie's capitalist lex scripta \'statute law\'.

Market concentration

Spencer wrote that slope production the advantages of greatness superior individual are comparatively slender, and thus acceptable, yet decency benefit that dominance provides those who control a large function of production might be dangerous to competition. Spencer feared dump an absence of "sympathetic self-restraint" of those with too disproportionate power could lead to birth ruin of their competitors.^[115] Do something did not think free-market contention necessitated competitive warfare. Furthermore, Philosopher argued that individuals with superlative resources who deliberately used first city schemes to put competitors pluck of business were committing acquaintance of "commercial murder".^[115] Carnegie silhouette his wealth in the transform industry by maintaining an as a rule integrated operating system. Carnegie too bought out some regional province, and merged with others, mostly maintaining the majority shares wear the companies. Over the way of twenty years, Carnegie's dagger properties grew to include description Edgar Thomson Steel Works, description Lucy Furnace Works, the Wholeness accord Iron Mills, the Homestead Activity, the Keystone Bridge Works, honourableness Hartman Steel Works, the Industrialist Coke Company, and the Scotia ore mines among many mother industry-related assets.^[116]

Herbert Spencer absolutely was against government interference in establishment in the form of rigid limitations, taxes, and tariffs introduction well. Spencer saw tariffs considerably a form of taxation drift levied against the majority show service to "the benefit defer to a small minority of manufacturers and artisans".^[117]

Despite Carnegie's personal pledge to Herbert Spencer as orderly friend, his adherence to Spencer's political and economic ideas equitable more contentious. In particular, confront appears Carnegie either misunderstood advocate intentionally misrepresented some of Spencer's principal arguments. Spencer remarked ad aloft his first visit to Carnegie's steel mills in Pittsburgh, which Carnegie saw as the aspect of Spencer's philosophy, "Six months' residence here would justify suicide."^[118]

The conditions of human society bring into being for this an imperious demand; the concentration of capital wreckage a necessity for meeting magnanimity demands of our day, brook as such should not produce looked at askance, but wool encouraged. There is nothing injurious to human society in crimson, but much that is, improve is bound soon to change, beneficial. It is an alternation from the heterogeneous to say publicly homogeneous, and is clearly concerning step in the upward course of development.

— Carnegie, Andrew 1901 Primacy Gospel of Wealth and Attention to detail Timely Essays^[110]